DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym

You control and measure variables in an experiment and then record and analyze the data. There is a standard way to graph the data, with the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis. How do you remember what independent and dependent variables are and where to put them on the graph? There is a handy acronym: DRY MIX Meaning Behind the Acronym D dependent variableR responding variableY graph information on the vertical or y-axis M manipulated variableI independent variableX graph information on the horizontal or x-axis Dependent vs. Independent Variables The dependent variable is the one being tested. It is called dependent because it depends on the independent variable. Sometimes it is called the responding variable. The independent variable is the one you change or control in an experiment. Sometimes this is called the manipulated variable or the I do variable. There may be variables that dont make it onto a graph, yet can affect the outcome of an experiment and are important. Controlled and extraneous  variables arent graphed. Controlled or constant  variables are ones you try to keep the same (control) during an experiment. Extraneous variables are unanticipated or accidental effects, which you didnt control, yet which might influence your experiment. Although these variables arent graphed, they should be recorded in a lab book and report.

Charles Dickens Incredible Work Ethic - 659 Words

Charles dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in London England. Immediately out of the womb, he fell on some hard times when his father Charles was arrested for debt. To combat this, everyone in his family except for Charles was put to work at a Blackening Factory. Charles attended school at an academy in London where he learned the basics of reading and writing. While attending school, Charles worked as a secretary for an attorney in the city. This reflects Charles incredible work ethic and determination from a young age. I believe that his experiences with tough times are the fuel that powers his writing in his later years. Around the 1830’s was when Charles began publishing his literary works. He started out writing for different news papers as a free lance reporter. His works became quite popular and he had to start using the pseudonym â€Å"Boz†. To me this seems very odd but it seemed to be the thing to do at the time. As Charles became more successful he began to branch out his works into different mediums, his first were sketches. No not sketches like Seth dyers from SNL but little pictures in newspapers. Charles was hired to write things to accompany sports pictures that were drawn by Seymour. The two men worked together for a long time. These sketches, like a lot of his other works became very popular as with most of his other works. They were released in monthly editions and they would have people lining up outside postal stands much like the release of a new harryShow MoreRelatedEssay The Great Gatsby2606 Words   |  11 Pagestags the â€Å"tomb† of literary archetypes, a family of fiction that espouses every facet of the expressive use of language (everything from Shakespeare’s plays to Dickens’ prose). As a participant in this tomb, The Great Gatsby has adopted a convenient persona in the world of twentieth century literature as â€Å"the great American novel,† a work that embodies the American themati c ideals of the self-made man, the great American character—Jay Gatsby. In its infancy, the novel received onlyRead MoreOrganizational Behavior As A Multidisciplinary Field3764 Words   |  16 Pagesrelations movement to consider the human side of organizations. This led to research on the socio-psychological factors of the employee-manager relationship and related aspects such as, communication, motivation and teamwork in organizations, this body of work eventually became a separate field of study – organizational behavior. Organizational behavior concepts are derived from research and study focused on behavior at three levels: individual, team or group, and organization. That means OB scholars areRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguishRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this i s precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this

Management Of Event Operations In Country †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Of Event Operations In Country? Answer: Introduction The following paper focuses on the topic of the event management of event operations in the country. It is extremely difficult to manage a major event in the country when a particular state or city has to handle the entire event. Many things have to be looked at when arranging the festival. In this context, event management of the Golden Plains Music Festival has to be discussed. It has to be noted that this festival is organized at Victoria in Australia (Knox 2017). Some important things have to be kept in mind before starting the preparation for the event. The Event Purpose Every event is arranged to achieve certain purposes that have been very integral for the organizers. This is one of the biggest music events in the country for which millions of people wait with eagerness (Wiseman, Macleod and Immersonal 2012). People wait with bated breath and the sale of tickets begins with a bang as soon as the promotion is showed through advertisements. This event is organized specially for the people who are ardent music lovers. They spend hundreds of dollars to watch this exquisite event. This time this show is going to be arranged to promote the all genres of music. These genres have been famous among many people. So, the organizers have felt that they should encourage this genre. It is noteworthy that they should look to promote this event through social media platforms and online ticket sales. As this is a cultural program, the people who love culture have to be welcomed by the hosts (White 2016). Theme of the event It has been long since the music lovers all over the world have been requesting the organizers to organize the Golden Plains Music Festival to be organized to pay the tribute to the soft rock genre of music (Gibson and Connell 2012). The theme that has been associated with this festival supposes that Victoria is a nirvana where a person is supposed to be who he is outside of his own inbox. The sister festival of this festival is the festival Meredith. Golden Plains Festival is supposed to be one of the beacon festivals for anyone who is remotely in his musical orbit of attractions (Gibson and Connell 2012). This year, the festival is going to be organized in memory of Jack Nolan on whose sheep farm the entire festival took place. The guests and the audience of this festival are much enthusiastic about music (Mair and Whitford 2013). As an attractive theme for the entire program, the blue color has been chosen as the theme color. This color should be planned to use on all merchandise that are connected with the program. The color of the tickets will be blue and uniforms that the organizers will wear have been fixed to be blue as well. This will help to keep uniformity between the people who are directly involved in this program and the supervisors as well. The posters will be painted on a blue background so this will lead to a terrific coloring effect. The expert professionals will be given the responsibility to decorate the entire venue of the program so beautifully that it becomes a splendor to the eye for the audience (Gibson and Connell 2012). The main themes of the festival can be designed in a one page leaflet. The entire design should be clean, simple, flat and designed professionally. These leaflets should be distributed among the people through newspapers and provide advertisements through online platforms. This should be well organized and made sure that they can be edited very easily. The people who can be contacted for any query should be listed there along with their phone numbers. Identification of the Event audience When an event like a big music festival is organized, some things should be taken under consideration that would set for the success of the festival (Salem, Jones and Morgan 2012). In this case of Golden Plains music festival, the target audiences have to be identified so that the preparations can be done according to that only. The music lovers of a certain group should be made the target people (Salem, Jones and Morgan 2012). There are no logos for the entire program and the ethos for the program will be a collective one as the visitors and the audiences are engaged to bring anything that they wish to. The only issue is that they should not ruin the ambience of the program. One of the most important factors in this issue is the thing that the best performers are cheered and saluted by the audience in the form a boot or the boots being held aloft the audience as a sign of respect (Salem, Jones and Morgan 2012). The event managers have to be alert about all the matters like the secur ity of the audience, success of the program, profit from the ticket sales and many others. All ages of music lovers are welcomed here. The organizers do not provide alcohol so the audience must bring the alcohol by themselves. The people above 18 can have alcohol in the Pink Flamingo Bar (Yeoman et al. 2012). Event timing and venue The entire event takes place at a private farmland in Victoria, a place from where Melbourne is 90 km away. As per the transportation is required, the audience has to come through private cars or trains (Matthews 2015). This event continues for three days. There are enough spaces for car parking and the seating capacity is well beyond 10000 people. Resources The artists for the festival should be booked long before and the contracts should be finalized, if possible advance money should be given. The event organizers should look to raise the profit money through advertisements and provide all sorts of comfort to the artist or the band. They should schedule their preparation programs as soon as the artist is confirmed (Matthews 2015). The venue is not an issue as it will take place in the farm land. The production and audience details should be looked at with minuteness. There should separate doors for entry and exit for the audience. Subject Cost Cost of decoration $ 5000 Sound and lighting $ 3000 Cost of labor $ 5500 Logistical setting up $ 4500 Food and beverages $ 5600 Safety $ 4800 Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that Golden Plains music festival is an extremely famous music festival in Australia and it attracts hundreds of thousands of people. The audiences are very enthusiastic to go there and enjoy those three days. The entire event has to managed properly by looking at different aspects and the audiences have to be kept safe and the organizers should maintain lots of strict measures to make the program successful. References Gibson, C. and Connell, J., 2012.Music festivals and regional development in Australia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Knox, J., 2017. The 2nd OtherFilm Festival.Explorer, (83). Mair, J. and Whitford, M., 2013. An exploration of events research: event topics, themes and emerging trends.International Journal of Event and Festival Management,4(1), pp.6-30. Matthews, D., 2015.Special event production: The resources. Routledge. Salem, G., Jones, E. and Morgan, N., 2012. An overview of events management.Festival and Events Management, p.14. White, A.L. ed., 2016.Lost in music: Culture, style and the musical event(Vol. 5). Routledge. Wiseman, J.A. and Macleod, S.G., Immersonal, Inc., 2012.Event planning and management system. U.S. Patent Application 13/413,520. Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S. and McMahon-Beattie, U. eds., 2012.Festival and events management. Routledge.

Review of Two Emerging Technologies free essay sample

TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 1: BROADBAND DISTRIBUTION OVER POWER LINE 1. THE BROADBAND OVER POWER LINE TECHNOLOGY 2. IMPACT AND BENEFITS OF BPL ON THE SOCIETY 1. Ready Made Infrastructure 2. Evolution of Consumer Electronics Internet Communications: 3. Evolution of Consumer Electronics Internet Communications: 4. Other Societal impacts: 5. POWER UTILITY APPLICATION 3. Broadband over Power Line: The Challenges 1. Boundary Creation, Security and Overall Reliability of BPL Technology 2. Imminent Large and Unmanageable Network. 3. Radio Frequency Interferences 4. Organizational Challenges 5. Economic Challenges 6. Rural and Remote Location Challenges 3. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 2: WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY 3. IMPACT AND BENEFIT OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION ON THE SOCIETY 4. EFFECTS AND CONSIDERATIONS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY 3. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES CHAPETER ONE INTRODUCTION The two major technologies that have affected the human existence more than any other are Electricity and Communication technologies. All activities including businesses in modern society have become almost completely dependent on the sustainable supply of electric power and communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Two Emerging Technologies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is no longer a real mission critical systems, but also normal life functions that suffer heavily in case of interruption. Many of third world and developing countries’ stunted economic growth have been attributed to the lack or inconsistent nature of power supply and communication infrastructure. The UK Parliamentary Post note of March 2006, reported that access to consistent power supply and Information and communication technology (ICT) will play a major role in bringing out developing countries out of depressing state of extreme poverty and tackle a wide incidences of health, socioeconomic problems in the process of meeting the seven Millennium Development Goals such as attainment of the universal primary education and global partnership. The paper will therefore focus on these two technologies, exploring the emerging technologies in the field of Information and Communication technologies distribution and Electric power transmission. These are 1. Broadband distribution over power line 2. Wireless electricity transmission These technologies development are aimed at easing the day to day life of users of these technologies. Chapter Two, explores the possibilities of broadband distribution over power line focusing on the technology, the impact on the society and the challenges before nationwide implementation of the technology. Chapter three explores the emergency of transmission of electricity wirelessly to eliminate the use of wires. The technology is described including the benefits it could bring to the society. Concerns over possible hazards in commercial implementation were also discussed. Chapter four is the summary and conclusion of the work done while Chapter five have the references used in the work. CHAPTER 2 BROADBAND DISTRIBUTION OVER POWER LINE Broadband and the Internet are a viable tools in human day to day activity nd its fast becoming invisible and ubiquitous that no one is think or consider its social effects any more than electricity is at this current age or how national social and economic development hinged on it. Even though there is low or no access for rural dwellers, there is a geometric increase in numbers of internet users within the urban community; the demand for easy, fast and cost effective distribution is needed. Many services providers have been rolling out fibre optics ca bles to homes. Virgin Media and British telecom are in forefront of deployment of these cables in the UK. However, the primary focus of these service providers will be on high-density, urban areas which would translate to about only 60% of the United Kingdom population having access to the new broadband via fibre services. Report from 2010 statistics report reveals that â€Å"over thirty million UK adults have broadband/internet access on daily basis. This is a significant improvement over 2006 estimates which recorded over sixteen million UK adults accessing the internet on daily basis†. (http://www. statistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? id=8). Other varieties of technologies employed by Broadband/Internet Service Providers (BISPs) to extend services to the consumers are Direct Subscriber Line (DSL), Hybrid Fiber-cable (HFC), radio networked fixed wireless communications and satellites antennas. 2. 1 The Broadband over Power Line Technology The technology is based on the phenomenon and ideal transmission of electricity at a lower frequency than broadband signals; hence both electricity and broadband data can be channelled on the same power cable network without either interfering with each other. This offers an idea of economical and cheap way of distributing broadband over existing electric power infrastructure translating into competitive price with other forms of broadband distribution. There is also an attractive appeal of letting consumer plug low cost modems into any standard power outlet and connected to the internet real time. The current robust Power lines infrastructure makes it an attractive medium for broadband delivery because its extensive network reaches more homes than coaxial cables as well as DSL this will foster rapid growth to access to the internet especially rural areas. This method of distributing internet have been tested and deployed for home electronic networking and power modems are commercially manufactured by electronics vendors such as DLink modems, Linksys modems, Netgear routers, and Phone-flever modems. (http://www. powerlinenetworking. co. uk/content/view/13/28/). These devices can only support network data transfer which extends just a few hundred feet while current research is on-going on how to make it commercially available over a longer distance. Description of how this technology works is explained below: A Medium Voltage Node supplies data coming from the Broadband/Internet service providers into a medium voltage power line at a substation. The substation precedes a power plant. The injected data then travels over the electric grid to the final consumers’ power socket. Different frequency bands is employed in sending data via the Low Voltage lines where an installed repeater generates data signals on the Low Voltage lines within the home units. Finally, the consumer connects the electronic equipment which has been designed for self-installation, to any standard electric power socket to receive the broadband signals. [pic] FIGURE 1: Broadband over Power line technology 2. IMPACT AND BENEFITS OF BPL ON THE SOCIETY 1. Ready Made Infrastructure The most important feature of the Broadband over Power Line (BPL) is the already established infrastructure. Therefore, it will not require a build out investment identified with installations of fibre network or DSL upgrades. In the UK, every homes and businesses have access to the electricity utility grid, and most rural and unmanned remote areas are also reached. 2. Evolution of Consumer Electronics Internet Communications: This emerging technology will give rise to the evolution of internet compatibility appliances with most electrical and electronic equipment benefiting from connections to the internet. A typical example is consumer can switch on and switch off electrical appliances by mere logging on to it via the internet from anywhere in the world. Other public devices such as vending machines, industrial equipment, security systems and cameras will benefit from this emergence of electronics Internet communications. 3. Home Networking Home networking is enhanced. There is a seamless transfer of information between electronics and data sharing from every room. A typical example is a DVD get plugged into a power socket it detects and communicate automatically with Television, Home theatre system and other related devices while every TV in all the room can link and watch same movie been watched on the DVD. â€Å"HomePlug AV White Paper,† August 18, 2005 ) 4. Other Societal impacts: Video Conferencing: Electronics consumers will have a simplified way of interacting via a simultaneous the two way video and audio transmissions. Voice-Over-IP: This is another area of internet communication technologies that might be revolutionized, delivering voice communication to the general public over the internet protocol. Enhanced web-bas ed government services: Government services are closer to the citizens with ease of access to internet by more people. 5. POWER UTILITY APPLICATION Utility applications that will benefit from eventual take off of this technology are: †¢ Automated Power Meter Reading (APMR). †¢ Power Demand Forecasting. †¢ Analysis and modelling of distribution transformer overload. †¢ Power Line analysis and testing †¢ Microwave system replacement †¢ Power outage and fault localization †¢ Detecting Phase loss †¢ Enhanced monitoring of Power fluctuations and quality 3. Broadband over Power Line: The Challenges With all certainty BPL technology is a realistic and workable solution to broadband distribution. The technology have been tested and successfully proven in controlled environment, metropolitan trials and small pilot projects. (Lee, M. K. , 2003). However, the concern has been on whether Broadband over Power Line will effectively operate as a means to distribute economically and reliably internet/broadband services to users, with particular focus on remote and rural locations. The BPL as an emerging technology faces several critical but solvable challenges to ensure its survival as a competitive Internet Service Providing technology. . Boundary Creation, Security and Overall Reliability of BPL Technology In the UK as well as several other countries of the world, it is common to see apartments and other close knitted buildings sharing the same power lines, hence signals and data transfer in a home network can cross boundaries of properties. Typical example is a DVD player plugged into power socket need to be able to connect to the specific home network rather than neighboursâ€⠄¢ network. More and other boundaries might also exist at even a finer granularity. For instance, tenants occupying a shared flat may decide to individual network, or parents want a distinct and restricted access to the general network by the children. Hence, BPL technology needs to be able to support multiple virtual networks. (W. David Gardner, 2005) Using encryption and cryptography initiatives such as trusted computing could be used in securing the network (Authentication Framework, 1988). However, the target consumer electronic products such as DVDs, TVs, home theatre systems etc do not have encryption capabilities. For consumer products with encryption capabilities, the equipment are designed to have certificate which transmit the manufacturer’s authorisation, when the desired application is user authorisation. Hence, for this issue to be overcome, electronic products have to be designed to be compatible with this technology. 2. Imminent Large and Unmanageable Network. Power line network will no doubt be very large and may become unmanageably large exposing consumers, financial and government secured systems to hackers. This security threats possess a big setback to commercial and business deployment of the BPL technology. . Radio Frequency Interferences BPL is a shared bandwidth technology hence there are likely hood for radio frequency interferences between the BPL electronic equipment and other uses of the spectrum or vice versa. (Seema M. 2008) Acceptable speed might not be achievable in densely populated regions as there might be limited or very little bandwidth to carter for all br oadband subscribers. (Allen J. Wood, 2004) 4. Organizational Challenges The BPL technology faces organizational challenges for electric utilities who might consider partnering to in broadband distribution services: 1. None Interoperability of BPL equipment hence if a particular manufacturer goes out of business or for whatever reason is no longer available, problem of continuity and cross compatibility sets in. 2. Broadband over Power Line (BPL) as with all telecommunications systems requires structured planning, management, operation and maintenance as a network. These structures are totally different in competencies and capabilities of what is obtainable in the monopolistic nature of electric power systems. (Fink, D. 2008). A bottle neck of finding a balance between acceptable standard between the two giants possess a challenge. . Similarly, the merging vision, values and culture of a telecommunication service provider and electric power company in event of partnership are important factor to be considered to ensure the overall success of the business. 5. Economic Challenges Economic issues are perhaps the most challenging issue facing the BPL technology and some are highlighted below; 1. Uncert ainty with manufacturers been able to make BPL compatible equipment that ensures competitive pricing when compared with other forms of broadband distribution services. . Uncertainty in penetration into the market by the service providers to justify profitable manufacturing scale as well as support while considering financial sustainability from investment to returns on the investments. 3. Uncertainty in BPL competitiveness with other broadband transmission technologies. BPL will probably be profitable venture in populated areas where other existing broadband services such as Fiber and DSL are not available. These issues are interrelated with its success depending on wide deployment and vice versa. . Rural and Remote Location Challenges Rural and remote locations are supposed to be the greatest beneficiary to this technology however economic issues are more compounded. The human settlements are sparsely distributed hence electric cables line are longer and father apart. BPL distribut ion structure then becomes more complex as devices such repeaters, voltage regulator, shunt capacitor etc have to be installed. Prices of distribution will also considerable are higher as one user is served by individual transformer. BPL will not economically feasible for remote transmission when settlers have less than 20 users within a mile. (Fink, D. 2008). CHAPTER THREE WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION 1. Introduction The invention of electricity and subsequent usage to light up a bulb prompted long debates on suitable ways to have it distribute it for the benefit of the people as well as profit on the rising business venture. (Power Engineering Review, IEEE). Notable of the inventors was Nikola Tesla who had an idea and researched how electricity can be transmitted wirelessly. Tesla believes a time will come when wired infrastructure will get to complex in electricity distribution that hence he supports for wireless transmission of electricity. Tesla made plans and built a 57 meter tower, from where electricity will be beamed to long distances. However, his research was cut short due to lack of funds to complete the projects and investors are not willing to gamble into such inventions. (Carlson, W. B 2007) Until 2007, scientists in MIT had a breakthrough in the principle of wireless energy transmission, and carried out a middle distance wireless energy transmission where its efficiency was about 40%. Andre Kurs et al 2007). The current revisit to the Nikola Tesla works no wireless power transmission is set to revolutionize the power industry. Even though Tesla’s idea was to distribute electricity over wide distances, the technology been developed now focuses on local and short ranged distribution, thereby eliminating the use of wires as we have it p resently. A typical usage of the technology will be recharging of consumer electronics that uses battery without necessarily connecting to power sockets. Hence, laptop can be used anywhere in the home and have it battery recharged without plugging it to the main power source or a mobile phone automatically gets charged when user step into the house or the battery is low. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY The Wireless Transmission technology is based on a physics phenomenon called Resonance Coupling where tuned objects on the same frequency transfers strong energy but have less or no interaction with other objects on different frequency. (Wenzhen Fu et al, 2008). It is an ideal medium for energy exchange because there is free movement of magnetic fields in air while it has less effect on the surroundings and humans at regulated frequency. Two coils resonating at equal frequencies are able to create a powerful magnetic coupling frequency and inter- transfer energy in an efficient manner, while the magnetic coupling have a weak effect on other objects which has different resonance frequency. This physical phenomenon can be adapted to transmit power to electric equipment wirelessly over some certain distance. Chunbo Zhu, 2008). In demonstration of this phenomenon, the researchers constructed two resonant copper coils positioned about two meters apart. The next stage in the demonstration involved one of the coils getting charged by allowing an alternating current to flow through it, generating a magnetic field. The second coil positioned two meters away was tuned to equal frequency and a electric bulb was hooked to it. With a resonated magnetic f ield electricity is generated in the second coil which lit up the bulb. (Marin Soljacic, 2007). 3. IMPACT AND BENEFIT OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION ON THE SOCIETY Contactless energy transfer has become a major issue in modern automation scenarios, as it offers reduced installation efforts, more flexibility and movability together with an elimination of wear and tear of supply cables. Current research focuses on an inductive power supply of a single load over a possibly large distance [R. Mecke, 2004]. This technology provides ease of mobility to users as chargeable batteries, electrical and electronics equipment can be moved around easily within the magnetic wireless range. This comes with neat and wireless Installation. There is less cost for wiring infrastructure for devices and it will support unlimited users who have limited slot for charging purposes of mobile installations and vehicles [Esser A, 1999]. 3. 4 EFFECTS AND CONSIDERATIONS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY This technology of wireless power transfer is still in developing state even though companies like Wild-Charge have started rolling out a gadget capable of charging mobile equipment wirelessly. (http://www. wildcharge. com/). However the following needs to be addressed and might discourage the future commercialization of the product. 1. It is not enough for consumer to achieve the ease of having less connection wires, installation etc but power consumption and efficiency need to be put into consideration. At current 40% to 50% of the technology, (Andre Kurs et al 2007), it translates that more than twice as much power is required. Consumer power consumption bills will rise considerably. Consumers will likely not pay more to recharge mobile device wirelessly. . Electronic gadget and equipment intended to be powered wirelessly have to re-design to incorporate this technology. It creates more complexity in the electronic equipment while eliminating the cords and wires. 3. Unlike wireless data transfer where security can be implemented to prevent unauthorised access, a bottle neck restriction problem is likely to happen. For instance, an outsider simply needs to get close enough within the perimeter of wirele ss power base station to make use of the electricity supply. 4. Current research suggests that the Electromagnetic radiation from the devices do not have significant effect on human bodies, however, a longer effect of continuous exposure to the radiation might be adverse. Scientist have known that this radiation might cause human biological damage through heating effects since human body is made up of approximately 65-70% water, electrolytes and ions. Radio frequency radiation emitted from mobile phone will interact with human body and interfere with human body’s natural healing resulted displacement of electrolytes and ions within the body. Mat, D. A. A, 2010) CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION Broadband and Electricity transmission has discussed in work still have huddles to overcome before it can be commercially available. Broadband Internet access is important and highly sort after for enhanced standard of living and productive future of businesses. The emerging Broad band over Power Line technologies may be the key to a improved and sustainable broadband sector. There are organisational and economic challenges for the information and communication technology industry and electric power companies to overcome. For instance, none of the electronics equipment manufacturers have BPL enable electronics in full production and uncertainty still remain on how soon manufacturers will successfully design, and produce electronic of good quality, acceptable durability, cheap and affordable. The effect of nature such as extremely high or extremely low temperatures, thunderbolts, rain and humidity will also considerable effect on electronics. These natural challenges can be overcome with careful design and high standard production of BPL compatible electronics. With the drive for a greener environment and combat against global warming, long term continuous generation of electromagnetic waves by thousands households using a widespread wireless power transmission technology could have a catastrophic result with billions of tons of Carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) been emitted into the atmosphere annually. Hence, the global drive for a safe environment and saving our planet earth might be forfeited in process of creating ease of transferring power wirelessly. Advance technologies bring a lot of benefits to humans however we have to be careful of the adverse effects that might come with and this must be addressed from start of their emergence. CHAPTER FIVE REFERENCES 1. TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHALLENGES FOR NIGERIA IN THE 21st CENTURY Engr. Ernest C. A. Ndukwe Accessed at http://www. ncc. gov. ng/speeches_presentations/EVC%27s%20Presentation/nici_programmeEVCspeech. pdf 2. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, â€Å"ICT in developing Countries† PostNote March 2006 Number 261 3. [pic]Allen J.

Law of Privity in Malaysia free essay sample

The doctrine of privity prevented a third party from enforcing a benefit in a contract made between other parties. This position has clearly been altered by the enactment of the Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. Today, third parties are no longer denied the ability to enforce benefits conferred upon them by a contract between two or more parties. 1. Examine the doctrine of privity and the problems that it faced, 2. Discuss the changes brought about by the development of the law 3. Examine the changes and whether they have abolished the doctrine or caused further problems. Compare the current position of the law to that of Malaysia 5. Consider all relevant judicial decisions 6. If necessary, suggest an appropriate remedy for the law in dealing with this matter. 7. Compare the current position of the law to that of Malaysia A basic rule in the law of contract is that only those who are parties to the contract or privy to the contract can sue or be sued on it. We will write a custom essay sample on Law of Privity in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A person who is not a party to a contract may not enforce a contract even though it was made for his benefit. Similarly, the parties to a contract cannot impose liabilities upon a third party who is a stranger to the original contract. This principle is known as privity of contract. This thesis examines the doctrine of privity in Malaysia and argues that its application to contracts made for the benefit of third parties is inadequate and requires statutory reform. The main obstacle of this doctrine is that it frustrates the contracting parties’ intention to benefit third parties. The difficulty is exacerbated by the growth of contracts made for the benefit of third parties in recent years. It is submitted that contract theory can accommodate third party rights. The development of common law mechanisms to vercome the doctrine of privity in England, Australia and Canada are analysed to consider their application to the position in Malaysia. The common law mechanisms discussed include promisee’s remedies for breach of contract and mechanisms which grant direct rights to the third party to enforce a contract such as trust, agency, tort, Himalaya clauses and others. A comparative study of the use of these mechanisms in the jurisdictions analysed shows that a number of important judicial developments can be undertaken by the Malaysian courts. However, this study also shows that there are limitations with judicial reform of the doctrine of privity and that the more effective solution is through statutory reform. For this purpose, a study on the statutory development of third party rights in England, New Zealand, Australia, together with the position in the United States and the Principles of European Contract Law which are applicable to members of the European Union is also included in this discussion. This comparative study shows that the framework adopted in England now found in Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 is the preferred model for reform subject to a few changes to suit local conditions and circumstances, opinions and outlooks when making decisions. ABSTRACTThis thesis examines the doctrine of privity in Malaysia and argues that its application to contracts made for the benefit of third parties is inadequate and requires statutory reform. The main obstacle of this doctrine is that it frustrates the contracting parties’ intention to benefit third parties. The difficulty is exacerbated by the growth of contracts made for the benefit of third parties in recent years. It is submitted that contract theory can accommodate third party rights. The development of common law mechanisms to overcome the doctrine of privity in England, Australia and Canada are analysed to consider their application to the position in Malaysia. The common law mechanisms discussed include promisee’s remedies for breach of contract and mechanisms which grant direct rights to the third party to enforce a contract such as trust, agency, tort, Himalaya clauses and others. A comparative study of the use of these mechanisms in the jurisdictions analysed shows that a number of important judicial developments can be undertaken by the Malaysian courts. However, this study also shows that there are limitations with judicial reform of the doctrine of privity and that the more effective solution is through statutory reform. For this purpose, a study on the statutory development of third party rights in England, New Zealand, Australia, together with the position in the United States and the Principles of European Contract Law which are applicable to members of the European Union is also included in this discussion. This comparative study shows that the framework adopted in England now found in Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 is the preferred model for reform subject to a few changes to suit local conditions and circumstances. 1. Introduction The privity rule which stipulates that no benefit can be conferred to a third party who is not a party to the contract has long been regarded as an anachronistic shortcoming that has for many years been regarded as a reproach to English private law. The problems created by the privity rule which prevent third parties from enforcing a contract made for their benefit are widespread. 2 Particularly, the privity rule denies the contracting parties from fulfilling their intention to benefit a third party. A number of the Commonwealth countries had undertaken statutory reform of the privity rule and recognised third party rights in contract law. The notable reform was that undertaken by the English Parliament which resulted in the enactment of Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. Besides, the High Court in Australia and the Supreme Court in Canada had also created exceptions to the privity rule. In Malaysia, the privity rule is deeply entrenched in the legal system. The Malaysian courts had applied the doctrine in a variety of cases involving variety of situations. In the recent case of Razshah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd,4 Abdul Malik Ishak JCA in the Court of Appeal5 stated that: Our Contracts Act 1950 (Act 136) has no express provision pertaining to the doctrine of privity of contract. The director (borrower) failed to pay for the loan and the plaintiff sued the defendant to enforce the guarantee. The defendant sought to counterclaim the plaintiffs action based on two letters7 written by the plaintiff to the director (borrower). The plaintiff attempted to strike out the counterclaim. One of the arguments relied by the plaintiff was that the defendant had no locus standi to bring the counterclaim as it was not a party to the loan agreement. The Court of Appeal rejected the plaintiffs argument because the agreement involved was a guarantee agreement where the defendants liability was dependent on the amount owed by the director (borrower). Thus, the defendant had the locus standi to bring the counterclaim which if successful, would reduce the amount of its liability. No effort has been undertaken to reform the privity rule in Malaysia despite the many difficulties created by the rule. However, the Malaysian Parli

Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Essays

Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Essays Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Paper Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Paper Essay Topic: The Most Dangerous Game Literature contains an interesting plot that should include a situation between two things, which is called conflict. Conflict is a very important element in literature. In Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† the main character goes through many conflicts to survive. In Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† a boy named Richard is kicked out of his house to buy the groceries, but a gang tries to beat him up on the way. The boy has to build up his courage and face the gang. In both Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis†, there are important internal and external conflicts throughout the story that are being created as the characters try to survive. Being washed up on a mysterious island and getting hunted down by crazy man are some examples of conflict in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†. â€Å"Your brain against mine. Your woodcraft against mine. Your strength and stamina against mine† (Connell 74). This quote from the story shows the external conflict between Rainsford and General Zaroff. The General is challenging him to a battle to the death. â€Å"The cat was coming again to play with the mouse† (Connell 77). This shows how the General is like the predator hunting down its prey. Rainsford is trying his best to survive. â€Å"Only the devil himself could follow that complicated trail through the jungle after dark† (Connell 76). This quote is an example of the conflict that Rainsford is going through with the jungle. This is an example of man vs. nature. Rainsford is thinking that the jungle is very hard to navigate through, which is an obstacle. The main conflict in this story is Rainsford trying to survive. Getting beat up can teach you a couple of lessons. In â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† the main character goes through a few conflicts. The poor little boy named Richard gets kicked out of his house to buy the groceries, but a gang gets in his way. The boy’s mother states â€Å"Go on and don’t pay any attention to them† (Wright 121). The mother is trying to her son into a grown up. She wants him to stand up for himself. This shows the love she has for Richard. â€Å"If these boys bother you, then fight† (Wright 121). Richard’s mother has no other choice but to let him fight, otherwise he will act as a little boy for the rest of his life. This is an example of external conflict because Richard is going to fight the other kids. â€Å"Don’t you come into this house until you’ve gotten those groceries† (Wright 121). This is an example of internal conflict because Richard has a choice of either staying home and get beat by his mother, or to go fight the gang. Richard found that the best way is to fight the gang and stand up for himself. In both of these conflicts, Richard is trying to survive. Conflict is a very important literary element in both of these short stories. It is one of the many literary elements that play a major role in a story’s plot by creating a complication between two things. Both Rainsford and Richard had to choose whether they want to survive or not. Rainsford survives by fighting back. Richard also learns that he needs to fight back. In both Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† conflict is a vital element that challenges the characters to survive.

Writing negative messages Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing negative messages - Assignment Example To that effect, the waiver will reduce the fee charge by two percent. In addition, the bank kindly advises you to consider regular contact with the personnel especially when you need to make transactions. It avoids cases of overdrawing when your account balance is insufficient and promotes significant transactions without running your account to zero balance. Moreover, the charges will be lower and considerable after you receive sufficient information on the best methods to make transactions through the account. Instead of using the branch for your cash withdrawals, make proper use of till points for withdrawals. The bank has tills located at major retailers such checkers, spar, and pick n pay. Using the till for withdrawal reduces any transactions when the bank account has insufficient balance. It also lowers withdrawal fees and charges. In your scenario, the bank will charge waiving fee since your transactions were at the branch, thereby, increasing charge fees. Kindly note that your objections not to charge weaving fee on the transactions only applies to one transaction and the other transactions will remain

Reaction about the Movie The Road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reaction about the Movie The Road - Essay Example Other complimentary characters are introduced as the theme of the story builds gradually. The Road is an awesome movie with well-coordinated scenes that result in a tear-jerking film on how a family struggles together in search of a better day. No depiction of the events that had just happened to earth is given. In any case, there is no need for that since no explanation is valid enough for the horrific scene that the movie presents. The viewers see a horrid scene of ash and a planet that is reduced to a vanishing, crumbling husk. There is no food or any form of life or a habitable place. Human bodies are strewn all over, bodies of survivors who were scared of cannibalism and had given up hope. Viggo and his son saunter to the south, closer to the equator, to avoid the harsh winter conditions. That presents the only hope in the movie â€Å"the road†, a road where humans are now cannibals and have to eat each other to survive, creating a dreadful scene of misery. The few surviv ors are no longer morally upright and need to feast on each other with abandon. An interesting contrast is created between â€Å"good guys† and â€Å"bad guys†, and this presents the concept of morality captivatingly. Morality and humanity drive the thesis in a simple approach that is easy to understand by even non-movie enthusiasts. Viggo presents a brilliant performance that typifies a man who believes in a better day. The characters anticipate an early death and are perplexed on whether to die or trudge on. The destruction of the world renders father and son homeless and makes them desperate scavengers with a miserable future and a desperate need to preserve humanity. The movie is unique in the way that it presents the story through the perception of the protagonists. There are no Hollywood representations in the presentation, just two main characters with a realistic need to survive.  

ERP Systems Essay Example for Free

ERP Systems Essay 1.Explain the conditions or circumstances that would lead a company to use the IWM features available within SAP ERP. What capabilities does IWM add to the features available within the Sales and Distribution, Materials Management, and Production Planning and Execution areas of SAP ERP? The conditions and circumstances that would lead a company to use the IWM features available within SAP ERP are due to increased cost pressure, higher customer expectations, shorter cycles of innovation and high differentiation of consumer goods within the same industry. Additionally, customers are demanding more efficient ways of delivery. IWM features are able to improve timeliness and flexibility of deliveries. IWM has the capabilities to support increasingly complex supply chains. There are many capabilities provided within the Sales and Distribution, Materials Management, and Production Planning and Execution areas. Some capabilities include the ability to track orders and inventory in real time, display inventory value, control the movement of goods internally between plants, initiate the transfer of goods, and creating sales orders pertaining to materials management and warehouse management. Additionally, running bin status reports of goods in the warehouse, purchasing/selling goods internally by STOs and controlling the fulfillment process. 2.What is the purpose of using a stock transport order? Why would a stock transport order be used rather than an ordinary stock transfer, or a combination of sales order (sending plant) and purchase order (receiving plant)? The purpose of a stock transport order (STO) is to request materials from another plant within the same company code instead of procuring the material from a normal vendor. Hence, one plant is purchasing materials from another plant that sells the materials. Additionally, the IWM process is triggered by the STO from the manufacturing facility to a warehouse managed storage location. STOs are more complex in nature and can be performed with deliveries, without deliveries, and with deliveries and billing. A STO would be used instead of a â€Å"purchase order.† This is due to the plant purchasing goods from the other plant as a transport under the same company code. A purchase order is purchasing goods/materials from a normal vendor, not a plant within the same company code. The same reasoning applies to the sales order. The sending plant is sending goods/materials to their customers, not a plant within the same company code. As for a stock transfer, they are used to transfer materials within a company from one location to another. Movements include within one plant, between plants, and etc†¦Stock transfers are a simple way of moving goods, not internal purchasing/selling of goods like STOs.

Cultural Difficulties of Joint Venture in China

Cultural Difficulties of Joint Venture in China The benefits in Joint Venture: JV gives more resources, greater capacity and increased technical expertise. It acts as a representative for marking the companys entrance to a new market when still it is at its learning stage. The mutual trusted partnership and co-operation will lead to its success. It strengthens the long term relationships or it may also collaborate on short term projects which lead them to access a new market and access to new technologies and they can also learn how to tackle the cultural difficulties if they are successful. The risks in joint venture: partnering with another company in an entirely new market is a bit risky. It takes more time and effort to build the right relationship. the problems will likely arise if the objectives of the JV are not clearly mentioned and explained or communicated. Normally the companies have their own objectives which will be different than the JV objectives. Imbalance in levels of expertise, assets and investments will lead to a poor integration and co-operation. Different culture and management styles will also lead to poor performance and co-operation. If both the companies doesnt provide necessary leadership support in early and developing stage of the JV it will also lead to disaster like dissolution. Cultural difficulties may occur for a global company in JV follows below: Understanding the cultural environments is critical to the success of the organisation or a company. Culture is important and it makes difference in the management. Variable  culture and different management styles will lead to dissolution of the venture.   Cultural differences always influence the way of making decision and solving problems. this also may lead to disaster. Unmanageable complexity, loss of autonomy, information  uncertainty and long term orientation will lead to failure of the venture. Human resource management plays a vital role in the Joint venture. Poor human resource  management will lead to ultimate failure of the venture. The companies on their own have different structural style but in a joint venture there is a  different style. It has been learnt in early days the Chinese use so called shame technique. The Chinese do not regard people as mature until they are at least 40yrs old. Most of the Chinese companies are part owned by the GOVT so the business decisions  making are done or influenced by govt burucracies and this will also consume more time  so this may also lead to impatience of global company. Within the advertising industry in China, advertisements have also not been spared from  controversy and national debate. With a strong influence of multi-ethnic Chinese culture  and history, companies are constantly challenged to convey their messages to potential  consumers effectively, accurately, and yet not appear offensive. While the Chinese  embraces globalization, they are not a least hesitant from voicing their dissatisfaction  when the contents of advertisements threaten their strong Chinese values. Western expatriate managers in JVs could be extraordinary. This could make an  expatriate assignment to JV in China and it will be a very frustrating experience. Presumably, cross-cultural training may be particularly helpful for the adjustment of westerners encountering the frustrating work environment in JV. In comparison, the  adjustment of Western expatriate executives in other types of organisations may not be  facilitated as much by cross-cultural training. Senior managers in China have good technical training, but it is not common for Chinese  managers to have formal management training. Besides, they may have little  international experience or understanding of a free-market economy. Such differences  may create substantial problems for expatriate managers in China. Disparity in education  and background may result in lower affinity on an interpersonal level. Differences in age  and experience may lead to further complications. A negative circle can easily take hold,  creating a considerable amount of stress. Unaware of the finer nuances of the local  cultural and social context, Western expatriates may quickly attribute their inevitable  business difficulties to the ineptness of their Chinese JV partners. This attribution could  be reinforced when they are reminded that they have been invited to China to improve on  the business deficiencies of their Chinese counterparts. To the Chinese, the word  contract means only a commercial agreement, not a legally binding document. Signing  a contract is a formal confirmation that they intend to do business with you, not an  indication of how they are planning to conduct business. It is well known that real  negotiation in China begins only after the contract is signed. Any problems arising  there from are due to the fact that the officials in the negotiation process have limited  authority and also tend to interpret the provision of the contract from their own cultural,  political and economic viewpoint. Also, the government frequently changes the  laws; hence, parties to the contract try to keep the arrangements as open and flexible as  possible. Recommendations to enable a joint venture: China is booming market which has  more than 1.3 billion of consumers and it has retained a considerable attraction for  international business. Initially, the Joint Venture law from 1979 only allowed foreign  companies to invest in joint ventures (JVs), but from 1987 onwards they could also form  wholly foreign-owned enterprises. Although the number of wholly foreign-owned  enterprises are increasing at a faster rate. So if a global company wants to market their  products in the Chinese market pyramid then the best option to attain their goal is to  make a JV and reach their goal in china while still in the developing process. China  is distinctly different from most other countries and would be a challenging destination  for Western business expatriates. Their need for effective cross-cultural skills appears to  be substantial, as they have to adjust to a fundamentally different cultural and social  context than their own. That adjustment may be facilitated by means of cross-cultural  training, there is inconclusive evidence of its effectiveness the impact of such training  may be contingent on circumstances at the host location. Hence, the challenges  facing Western expatriate managers in JV could be extraordinary. This could make an  expatriate assignment to a very frustrating experience. Presumably, cross-cultural  training may be particularly helpful for the adjustment of westerners encountering the  frustrating work environment in JV. In comparison, the adjustment of Western expatriate  executives in other types of organisations may not be facilitated as much by cross-cultural training. In organisational settings totally dominated by the foreign parent,  Western expatriates may encounter a less frustrating internal work environment. It is best that the global and foreign company both should seek due representation in the  top management group. They both should offer enough leadership to provide a better  developing process. Human resource management plays a vital role in joint venture before starting the  process for the joint venture they should go for look see process in which they analyse  the key factors like how they are going to train and employ staffs from china with the  help of the JV company, by studying the cultural advantages and disadvantages and what  are the resources they will be needed from the parent company and from the foreign  company. Next the key task should be picking the right person for the right job and they  should also keep in mind that in china they consider the person is mature when at least  they are 40 yrs old others will be considered as kids, so they should keep the age in mind  when they are appointing key persons in the company. Language training may vary from brief survival language instruction to extensive,  immersion training, aiming for complete spoken and written fluency. Host language  ability may serve several purposes. Besides facilitating communication with locals, it  may also demonstrate an attitude of attempting to learn about the host culture, enabling  one to be polite, and permitting cultural understanding not otherwise possible. They three key dimensions of in-country adjustment: (1) adjustment to work; (2) adjustment to interacting with host nationals; and (3) adjustment to the general non-work environment. For a successful company it should establish a good relation with the partner company to learn the cross culture and what are the key tasks they should concentrate to acquire the required knowledge for implementing the process to form a greater JV company. They should provide training for the people in the organisation to understand basic tenets of Chinese values, norms, and behaviours through cross-cultural training may facilitate the daily work routines of the Western expatriates increasing their work adjustment. In a Joint venture both the companies should learn their foreign languages in order to improve the communication and share information which will lead them to success in the joint venture. Both companies should share their resources, technology and analyse the aims and objectives of the company to succeed in the JV. Marketing is one of the major tasks in the joint venture company are any company. Marketing: Marketing, among all business functions, is most down-to-earth in terms of dealing with customers. As ordinary customers, every one of us already knows about  marketing. After all, it is all around us. Many people may be under the impression  that marketing is only selling and advertising, but it is actually only the tip of the  marketing iceberg. There exists a massive network of people and activities, competing  for customers attention and purchases. In todays marketplace, marketing must be  understood in the new sense of satisfying customer needs. They define marketing as  the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer  relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. The company has to understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants. Therefore, the company needs to research its customers and the market place in order to collect and manage marketing information and customer data. The second step, designing a customer driven marketing strategy, takes place once the market place and customers are fully understood. The company will select which customers to serve through market  segmentation and targeting. A value proposition will also be decided through  differentiation and positioning. After deciding on its overall marketing strategy, in the  third step, the company is ready to construct a marketing programme, which  transforms abstract strategies into real value for customers. The programme is also  known as the marketing mix which consists of 4 elements (the 4Ps)-product, price,  place and promotion. The fourth step, which is actually throughout the whole  marketing process, is to build profitable relationships and create cu stomer delight. To  achieve the goal, the company must establish strong relationships with marketing  partners as well. The fifth step is when the company can finally reap the fruits of its strong customer relationships by capturing value from customers in return. Once the  company has created satisfied and loyal customers, it can capture customer lifetime  value with a result of increased share of market and customer. The marketing mix starts with product strategy. Product covers more than the physical goods the company wants to sell. It is the goods-and-service combination the company offers to the target market. The company has to be aware of the advertisements which they produce this may also incur some problems because within the advertising industry in China, advertisements have also not been spared from controversy and national debate. With a strong influence of multi-ethnic Chinese culture and history, companies are constantly challenged to convey their messages to potential consumers effectively, accurately, and yet not appear offensive. While the Chinese embraces globalization, they are not a least hesitant from voicing their dissatisfaction when the contents of advertisements threaten their strong Chinese values. Chinese culture at the level of national culture, which is best embodied in the values held by its people. A value system is seen as a relatively permanent perceptual framework that influences an individuals behaviour. Chinese cultural value system is so unique that it distinguishes Chinese culture from Western cultures and the other Eastern cultures. Chinese culture is composed of traditional culture, communist ideology. The key to understand the traditional Chinese culture is Confucianism. Having competed with the other schools of thought in history, such as Taoism, Buddhism, etc., Confucianism is undisputedly the most influential thought, which forms the foundation of the Chinese cultural tradition and still provides the basis for the norms of Chinese interpersonal behaviour If the HR department and the operations department are clear with the Chinese culture and able to differentiate between them then it will reduce the risk variable culture organisation. The first key and method to market a product is to adopt cultural approach in marketing. Culture penetrates our inner being subconsciously and at a deep level. World cultures  share many common features. it is highly risky to ignore the potential influences generated by distinctive Chinese culture on marketing outcomes. It can lead to embarrassing mistakes, or more importantly, little rewards after all the efforts on marketing. Strategic management has to be global, whereas marketing management largely needs to be tailored to local contexts; therefore, an intercultural orientation to marketing best serves a global strategic view. Product is the central element in the market offering. localization in China is to appeal to Chinese customers taste. The production department should always keep in mind that brand new designs for a single market may be very effective in terms of delivering customer value for a specific market. Whereas, it cannot be applied to a wide range because the costs shoot up. Price is a significant element of communication and a decisive element in the social interaction between buyer and seller. It endorses their agreement and shapes their relationship, immediately and in the long term. For customers, price is a means of evaluating products in terms of social representations strongly akin to culture. The major priority lies in capturing the most customer value at the lowest cost, which is achieved by sourcing locally. cultures influence on pricing seems a little weak. Pricing is a big problem facing many marketing executives. The rest of the marketing mix must be taken into account while marketers decide how to price. The choice of place or distribution is one of the two elements of the marketing mix, which are essential in pushing the product towards the customer. Due to that reason the distribution forms subtle relationships with consumers by means of direct contact, it also plays a role as a cultural filter. Companys promotion mix also called its marketing communication. Mix consists of the specific blend of advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct-marketing tools. The company uses the set of tools to persuasively communicate customer value and build customer relationships. Ideally if the company carefully coordinate these promotion elements to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its products then it can capture the market. And there are situation like you can only appoint Chinese officials only for certain market strategy and product developing, if the necessary steps had been taken by both of the companies then the JV will lead to great success. And there are necessities to have a relation ship in Chinese govt bureaucracies to have better understanding and learning of laws. Multinational companies or global company face more complicated marketing environments when dealing with customers cultivated in different cultures in the times of globalization. The JV helps in these situations so it is best to become a JV and focus on the market after studying the cultural differences thoroughly. There exist other concerns apart from culture, such as the local marketing environment, the companys long-term strategic plan. The marketing should be culture conscientious, they should perform locally as well as be customer value oriented, holding a global view. The key to success in joint venture is  the global company and the foreign company should have mutual understanding and trust on each other. In organizational communication, people are mainly to express him self through language to express ideas, concepts and facts. Language is the foundation of effective communication So it is best to keep a common language to communicate between the people. To improve cross-cultural communication skills as an effective measure is to develop cross-cultural training programs. These training programs should focus on training efficiency and effectiveness, avoid engaging in forms of training objectives and training should be based on object-choice training content, training content selection based training methods. These methods will help the organisation to run in smoother way. It is true that global companies cannot impose their ways of doing business on China. On the other hand, China actually wants and needs overseas firms to introduce more modern practices as a way of whipping domestic businesses into shape. So there will be success for the joint venture firms if they focus in the right direction at the right time. They should always analyse their aims and objectives it will lead them to success. Even though they are from different cultural backgrounds they should exceed in visualising their goal by communicating each other and passing through to even the lowest grade staffs. This reduces misunderstanding and their performance improvement can be seen. Due to the globalisation even the Chinese also try to keep up with the current trends in the market to survive so this will also help in a matter of fact for the joint venture company.

Utilitarianism – Act and Rule

Explain the differences between Act and Rule Utilitarianism Since it began, there have been two main exponents of Utilitarianism. They are Jeremy Bentham and J S Mill, and both of them base their own individual theories on the principle of utility, which defines something (an act, etc) dependent on if it achieves â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number†. This makes Utilitarianism a relativistic and consequentialist argument, as it takes into account only the outcome of events rather than the act itself as means to determine whether it is good/right.Also it holds no absolutes – it takes the best interests of the greatest number of people no matter if the way of doing seems morally wrong. Bentham and Mill were both generally harmonious in their understanding that the general happiness of a human being is linked to their personal fulfillment of pleasure. Nevertheless, the two clashed when it came down to the understanding of what true pleasure is, and whether it holds different values under different circumstances. It was due to this that Bentham started Act Utilitarianism.Bentham thought that situations were to be treated completely differently to any and every other situation, and developed the Hedonistic Calculus as a means of measuring the pleasure and pain of those directly involved in it. The calculus consists of seven aspects which Bentham believed could answer to whether something is pleasurable/painful or not – they are Purity, Remoteness, Richness, Intensity, Certainty, Extend and Duration. It is possible for me to use an example to make this all seem clearer. There are five sadistic guards in a prison who don't like the new inmate and want to give him a roughing up.One can argue that the pain the inmate will suffer is huge (purity) but the calculus is focused on quantity rather than quality. Also, the happiness of the guards will be fulfilled due to their sadistic means of pleasurement (certainty) however, the guards mi ght get caught and sacked which in turn makes them sad in the end, but perhaps they don't then the pleasure of the guards outweighs the pain that the inmate faces and therefore under these guidelines I think that Bentham would say â€Å"yeah, go ahead† and allow the bullying and assault to happen.Bentham's democratic and egalitarianistic approach meant that he believed nobody's pleasures are greater than anyone elses, and that they are all equal so we can't say that they count for more. This meant that Bentham was purely focused on the quantitative side of the pleasure. It was here where Mill and Bentham came to a disagreement, as Mill however focused on the qualitative aspects of the pleasure, famously saying â€Å"it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied†. This meant understanding that there are differences that must be acknowledged between higher and lower pleasures.He thought that higher pleasures consisted of the intellectual aspects of humans rather than the animalistic, such as reading to further your knowledge, listening to fine music and painting art. The aforementioned animalistic pleasures (lower) derive from the physical side of life, such as eating, drinking and indulging in sexual acts. This approach can be seen as elitist by some, which means that full excellence can only be realised by the mature males of the upper class within society – natural amongst the Ancient Greek Philosophers that preceeded Bentham and Mill, such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.As advocator to Rule Utilitarianism, Mill's calculation method again differentiates from Bentham's hedonistic calculus. Rather than Bentham's quantitative approach, Mill looks at it in an alternative way, observing the various implications of the act. Mill's interpretation is that there are general rules within society that should be followed as they create the greatest happiness for the greatest good for all those in society. This at first does seem ver y logical, but then again it begins to defy the basis on which Utilitarianism's foundations are layed down, which is a relativist and consequentialist theory.And this is where strong and weak rules comes into the frame. Mill never onces says â€Å"must† as regards to the rules he would involve as he perceives his judgment upon whether something is good or bad or what should occur within a specific situation, which can be seen as his defence to remaining relativist, however a new term must be enforced to separate his understanding with the likes of a hedonist such as Bentham, hence the term â€Å"universalisability†.

Qantas Airways Limited Group Essay

Introduction: Qantas Airways Limited is an Australian iconic airline group engaged in the operation of international and domestic air transportation services and the provision of freight services (Market Line, 2014). The airline also associates its services with the Jetstar brand, with QantasLink, Jetstar Asia and Jetstar Pacific grouped under the same business (Passport 2013). With a 17.7% market share of international passengers in Australia (Business Monitor, 2011), the company aims to upsurge its global market position through a demanding and reconstructive approach. The company has already accomplished a notable degree of achievement locally and internationally with its significant competitive positioning and strong alliance with Emirates and previously British Airways. Though with increasing global forces bestowing as challenges for the business, Qantas has to adapt to the macro-environmental factors appropriately in turn with their internal marketing mix. Clarke (2006) stresses that in a wo rldwide economical industry, competition is fierce and costs need to be through international eyes, so an arduous analysis of the strategic pillars is needed for the sustainability and improvement of Qantas in the international market. Internal Analysis 1.1 Strategic Alliances For the improvement of global marketing performance for a company such as Qantas, a global outlook on the affiliation between market condition, marketing policies and programs and consumer response needs to be developed systematically (Davidson, 1983). The application of internal factors relating to the strategic approach Qantas has applied has developed in an enhancement of its global branding in the international aviation market. Qantas tactically formed a strategic 10-year alliance with Emirates on 31 March 2013 (Passport 2013), to further strengthen its global service across various regions around the world as well as to improve its system coverage. With its international segment continuing to be loss making (Passport 2013), retaining the international division of market share with Emirates includes a permanent shift in their network of destinations that includes Europe,  Middle East and Africa; which is evidently a geographic advantage for the airline. The relationship deems m ore significant than a fixed agreement, including integrated network collaboration with coordinated pricing, sales as well as a benefit-sharing model (Market line 2013). The partnership also coincides with their loyalty program, standardising the benefits for customers across both airlines in turn expanding their business partners on a global level. 1.2 Competitors: The generated link between market share and competitors is relatively important, as Hazledine (2011) stresses the more competitors there are, the smaller the market share. By forging an alliance with an attractive competitor like Emirates, the company has gained a stronger network in Europe, Middle East and Africa, while gaining a competitive advantage in the international aviation market. However, since the formation of this new strategic alliance, the termination with the previous partnership with British Airways has led to a change in routes and the comprise of its position with Oneworld- an alliance of the world’s leading airlines working as one (Oneworld, 2014) There has been an increase of rivalry by a number of competing airlines targeting Qantas’ lucrative international and domestic routes. Hazledine (2011), discusses that the Australian market is ‘predominately duopolistic’, with about three quarters of the routes are shared between Virgin and the remaining are Qantas’ monopolies. This implication leads to its dominance in the Australasian market being targeted by other leading aviation companies. The bulk of Qantas’ sales are from Australasia (Passport, 2013), though has been increasing interests from competing airlines seeking to capture their share hold of the region. However, with the significant investment of the expansion of Jetstar in the Asian territory, the notion of retaining a stronger consumer base will significantly intensify due to the construction of new routes with a code-sharing agreement signed with China Eastern (Passport, 2013). External analysis: 2.1 Economic conditions In order to sustain their achievement thus far, the ability to capitalise  costs and expand travel options for consumers on a global level leaves Qantas to transform its programme entirely, ‘becoming one of the world’s best premium airlines, setting global standards for long haul travel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mules, 2013). Though with the fluctuating inconsistencies in the global sphere, this economically impacts on the business itself. Before the economic downturn, the business illustrated the competitive pressures from Virgin Australia and various low-cost carriers flying to Australia (IBISWorld, 2014). Its competitors highly influenced the profitability of the company with Virgin Blue successfully capturing the market share from Qantas, highlighting 30% – 40% lower costs than those of Qantas (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). The combination of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the inherent volatility of the aviation industry (Financial Management, 2013), meant that in te rms of economic environment, many were seeking to lower and affordable services. Jetstar, a positioned association of the Qantas brand, centres on minimizing costs through operational efficiencies (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). In recognition to this significant investment of Qantas, there has been an increased focus on Jetstar’s expansion into the Australasian region, by building stronger relationships in the effort to replicate the dominant market share of the domestic market to those in the Australasian region. Revenue evidently increased where it eventually reached the stage providing more than 100% of the Qantas group’s profits in 2009 (Danaher et al, 2011). Jetstar’s performance provides an opportunity to focus on Australian traffic into the Asian continent, as demand for low cost carriers remains high in Asia Pacific (Passport, 2013). Furthermore, the rising oil prices seem to reinstate huge challenges to the economic conditions of a company. They directly impact on the profitability of a business and has always been a major component contributing to cyclical nature of economic activity and the demand for air travel (O’Connell and Williams, 2011). With an 18% bill increase in 2012 (Market line, 2013), it pressurizes on the costs and margin of profitability of the company, which has led to an increase to internal and external costs. 2.2 Sociological factors: Moreover, it is important to recognize the severity of income levels across the heterogeneous market, which may influence sociological issues. The first  issue relates to the cost-cutting strategies which have been implemented by Qantas, including segmenting businesses, instituting pay freezes and the outsourcing of functions (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). According to Oxenbridge (2010), Qantas slashed thousands of jobs with redundancies and attrition in order to save costs and switch to lower cost providers. Due to this predicament this has led to shifting operations and agreements offshore, basing their tasks in Dubai ultimately resulting to the significant number of job cuts associated with the employment of the 5-year transformation programme (Mules, 2013). As profit margins are expected to increase with pressure, this has been an increasing implication for the company who are still establishing aggressive policies, which is ultimately affecting the suppliers and workers of the business. Furthermore, the second relates to the two-brand strategy Qantas has operated to cater for business travellers and leisure carriers. The study of global trends on an international level must be initiated in order to provide the correct service to diverse ranges of markets. With the emergence of their lower cost carrier Jetstar, the company has applied different ranges of classes to accommodate the social needs of their consumers. By operating the services of premium classes to business passengers and lower fare divisions to those of the leisure travellers, restructures the position to appeal to all consumers. 2.3 Environmental factors: Qantas’ key priority is the reduction of carbon emissions resulting in fuel burn (Holmes, 2013). Their environmental sustainability ensures the future vitality and maintenance for the company and the implementation of programs aids them to become a global environmental sustainability leader in the aviation industry (Qantas, 2014). The effect of their corporate social responsibility can be suggested through the application of minimising carbon emissions and carbon footprint through the introduction of the lower cost fleet, B787 Dreamliner. With its improved fuel efficiency, it is expected to use 20% less fuel (Passport, 2013). Human activities further reiterate climate and environmental issues, which ultimately influence the internal mix of the Qantas group. 2.4 Technological Factors: The importance of communication technology will always be of significance in regards to the tourism and airline industry (Coles and Hall, 2008).The enhancement of customer experience through the disbursement of modernised technology embedded in all carriers of Qantas has led to the rising operations of customers on a global scale. In an article relating to the key issues of the company, Holmes (2013) depicts the rewarding response in relation to the implementation of â€Å"online and mobile check-in, in-flight entertainment and electronic bag tagging† in regards to the intense global competition. The utilisation of an interactive application of RED, as well as the advanced browsing tool for frequent flyer users has been adapted to their global brand strategy in order for the improvement of quality and rewards for customers (Passport, 2013). Additionally, it has been noted that this generation of innovations is particularly reliant on information technology (IT) and communications technology (Pansiri and Courvisanos, 2010). In saying this, it is crucial for companies to navigate their views onto the online society to accommodate to a wider market. The functionality of particular social media strategies has aided Qantas to expose the brand in an online approach. With the extensive improvement of new forms and technologies, the continuing implementation of these devices is crucial for company as well as the consumer experience. 2.5 Political and legal factors: Reinforcing the fact that Qantas is a multinational company, the operation of its services must run in a highly regulated environment. Through global alliances and government regulation, the manifestation of air service agreements primarily dictates the spatial extent of the airline network (Coles and Hall, 2008). Amongst the complexity of the regulation of frameworks the aviation industry appear to regulate in, the requirement of considerable negotiations between global governments must be reiterated in some occasions when regulating their rights to specific routes and air space. Qantas continues to benefit from government protection in the Australia- Los Angeles route, where Qantas and United Airlines operate as a duopoly (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). Along with other alliances Qantas has tactically initiated, the air space is shared between Emirates, which inevitably upsurged their competition global position. Furthermore, the  implication of job security and the issues relating to Qantas’ legal dispute has created uncertainty for workers. With Qantas outsourcing their operations at a much lower rate of pay, has seized the attention of unions objectifying this notion. The major issued raised was the compatibility of the Fair Work Act in relation to the Qantas dispute. Forsyth and Stewart (2013) exemplify the issue of the ability of unions protecting their employee’s rights and jobs against the global competition of labour and outsourcing of jobs. This meant that in turn new enterprise agreements would be set out; pertaining Qantas to sought and revise their business strategy in the attempt to bargain with the unions. Nonetheless, this issue of the outsourcing of jobs is an increasing predicament resulting in long-term implications for workplace regulation in Australia (Forsyth and Stewart, 2013). Conclusion In this strenuous analysis, the difficulty of bestowing challenges faced upon Qantas has led to a tactical approach of forming alliances with the largest competitor in the aviation market. However, the application of internal and external factors must be applied in order to retain their market position. With its dominance of market share in the domestic market and increasing nature in the international segment, Qantas has the growth and potential to endure global forces imposing strategic approaches and marketing strategies. References: CLARKE, Andrew. The future for Qantas : still calling Australia home? [online]. ALTERNATIVE LAW JOURNAL; 31 (2) June 2006: 97-98. Coles, T and Hall, M.C., (2008) International Business and Tourism: Global Issues, Contemporary Interactions., Routledge Davidson, W. H. (1983). Market Similarity and Market Selection: Implications for International Marketing Strategy. Journal Of Business Research, 11(4), 439-456. Forsyth, Anthony and Stewart, Andrew. Of ‘kamikazes’ and ‘mad men’: The fallout from the Qantas industrial dispute [online]. Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2013: 785-830. Hazledine, T., (2011) Price discrimination in Australasian air travel markets. New Zealand Economic Papers., Vol. 45, Issue. 3 Holmes, L. (2013). High-flyer. Financial Management (14719185), 42(3), 32-34. IBISWorld (2014) Major companies. Accessed 3 April 2014 < http://clients1.ibisworld.com.au/reports/au/industry/majorcompanies.aspx?entid=471#MP32> Mules, R. (2013). The Long Haul:The QANTAS – Emirates Alliance. Busidate, 21(3), 2-4. Oneworld (2014) < http://www.oneworld.com/news-information/oneworld-fact-sheets/introduction-to-oneworld> Accessed on 9 April 2014 Oxenbridge, S., Wallace, J., White, L., Tiernan, S., & Lansbury, R. (2010). A comparative analysis of restructuring employment relationships in Qantas and Aer Lingus: different routes, similar destinations. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 21(2), Pansiri, J., and Courvisanos, J., (2010) Attitude to Risk in technology-based strategic Alliances for Tourism. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, Vol.11, Issue. 3 Passport QANTAS AIRWAYRS LTD IN TRAVEL AND TOURSIM (WORLD) (August 2013) Peter J. Danaher, John H. Roberts, Ken Roberts, Alan Simpson, (2011) Practice Prize Paper—Applying a Dynamic Model of Consumer Choice to Guide Brand Development at Jetstar Airways. Marketing Science 30(4):586-594 Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis. (2014). Qantas Airways SWOT Analysis, 1-8. Qantas Group (2014) http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/environment/our-commitment-to-environmental-sustainability.pdf Accessed on 5 April 2014

The Lost Maya Village of Cern

The Lost Maya Village of Cern Cerà ©n, or Joya de Cerà ©n, is the name of a village in El Salvador that was destroyed by a volcanic eruption. Known as the North American Pompeii, because of its level of preservation, Ceren offers a fascinating glimpse into what life was like 1400 years ago. The Discovery ofCern Shortly after dinner started, one early evening in August about 595 AD, the Loma Caldera volcano of north-central El Salvador erupted, sending a fiery mass of ash and debris up to five meters thick for a distance of three kilometers. The inhabitants of the Classic period village now called Cerà ©n, a mere 600 meters from the volcanos center, scattered, leaving dinner on the table, and their homes and fields to the obliterating blanket. For 1400 years, Cerà ©n lay forgotten- until 1978, when a bulldozer inadvertently opened up a window into the perfectly preserved remains of this once thriving community. Although it is presently unclear how big the town was before it was destroyed, archaeological excavations conducted by the University of Colorado under the auspices of the El Salvadoran Ministry of Culture have revealed an astonishing amount of detail of the working lives of the people who lived at Cerà ©n. Components of the village excavated so far include four households, one sweat bath, a civic building, a sanctuary, and agriculture fields. Negative impressions of agricultural crops, saved by the same flash-heat that preserved images at Pompeii and Herculaneum, included 8-16 row corn (Nal-Tel, to be exact), beans, squash, manioc, cotton, agave. Orchards of avocado, guava, cacao grew outside the doorways. Artifacts and Daily Life Artifacts recovered from the site are just what archaeologists love to see; the everyday  utilitarian wares that people used to cook in, to store food in, to drink chocolate from. The evidence for ceremonial and civic functions of the sweat bath, sanctuary, and feast hall is fascinating to read and think about. But really, the most spectacular thing about the site is the everyday normality of the people who lived there. For example, walk with me into one of the residential households at Cerà ©n. Household 1, for instance, is a cluster of four buildings, a midden, and a garden. One of the buildings is a residence; two rooms made of wattle and daub construction with a thatched roof and adobe columns as roof supports at the corners. An interior room has a raised bench; two storage jars, one containing cotton fibers and seeds; a spindle whorl is close by, suggestive of a thread-spinning kit. Structures at Cern One of the structures is a ramada- a low adobe platform with a roof but no walls- one is a storehouse, still filled with large storage jars, metates, incensarios, hammerstones and other tools of life. One of the structures is a kitchen; complete with shelves, and stocked with beans and other foods and domestic items; chile peppers hang from the rafters. While the people of Cerà ©n are long gone and site long abandoned, the excellent inter-disciplinary research and scientific reporting by the excavators, coupled with computer-generated visuals on the website, make the archaeological site of Cerà ©n an indelible image of life as it was lived 1400 years ago, before the volcano erupted. Sources Sheets, Payson (editor). 2002. Before the Volcano Erupted. Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerà ©n Village in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin. Sheets P, Dixon C, Guerra M, and Blanford A. 2011. Manioc cultivation at Ceren, El Salvador: Occasional kitchen garden plant or staple crop? Ancient Mesoamerica 22(01):1-11.

Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge Washington A. Roebling

Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge Washington A. Roebling Washington A. Roebling served as the chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge during 14 years of construction. During that time he coped with the tragic death of his father, John Roebling, who had designed the bridge and also overcame serious health problems caused by his own work at the construction site. With legendary determination, Roebling, confined to his house in Brooklyn Heights, directed the work on the bridge from  a distance, watching progress through a telescope. He trained his wife, Emily Roebling, in engineering and she would relay his orders when she visited the bridge nearly every morning during its final years of construction. Fast Facts: Washington Roebling Born: May 26, 1837, in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania.Died: July 21, 1926, in Camden, New Jersey.Accomplishments: Trained as an engineer, served as an officer in the Union Army, with his father worked designing and building revolutionary suspension bridges.Best known for: Overcame injuries, and with the help of his wife Emily Roebling, built the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been designed by his father, John A. Roebling. As work on the enormous bridge progressed, rumors swirled about the condition of Colonel Roebling, as he was generally known to the public.  At various times the public believed he was entirely incapacitated or had even gone insane. When the Brooklyn Bridge  finally opened to the public in 1883, suspicions were raised when Roebling did not attend the enormous celebrations. Yet despite the  nearly constant talk about his frail health and rumors of mental incapacity, Roebling lived to the age of 89. When he died in Trenton, New Jersey, in  1926, an obituary published in the New York Times shut down many of the rumors. The article, published on July 22, 1926, said that in his final years Roebling was healthy enough to enjoy riding the streetcar from his mansion to the wire mill his family owned and operated. Roebling's Early Life Washington Augustus Roebling was born May 26, 1837, in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania, a town founded by a group of German immigrants which included his father, John Roebling. The elder Roebling was a brilliant engineer who went into the wire rope business in Trenton, New Jersey. After attending schools in Trenton, Washington Roebling attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and received a degree as a civil engineer. He began working for his fathers business and learned about bridge building, a field in which his father was gaining prominence. Within days of the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Roebling enlisted in the Union Army. He served as a military engineer in the Army of the Potomac. At the Battle of Gettysburg Roebling was instrumental in getting artillery pieces to the top of Little Round Top on July 2, 1863. His quick thinking and careful work helped fortify the hill and secure the Union line at a desperate time in the battle. During the war, Roebling designed and built bridges for the Army. At the  wars end, he returned to working with his father. In the late 1860s, he became involved in a grandly ambitious project thought by many to be impossible: building a bridge across the East River, from Manhattan to Brooklyn. Chief Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge John Roebling, the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, severely injured his foot in a freak accident while the site of the bridge was being surveyed in 1869. He died of an infection before any major work had started on the bridge. The massive project amounted to a collection of plans and drawings, and it fell to his son to make his vision a reality.   While the elder Roebling was always credited for creating the vision for what was known as The Great Bridge, he had not prepared detailed plans before his death. So his son was responsible for virtually all the details of the bridges construction. And, as the bridge was not like any other construction project ever attempted, Roebling had to find ways to overcome endless obstacles. He obsessed over the work and fixated on every detail of construction. During one of his  visits to the underwater caisson, the chamber in which men dug at the river bottom while breathing compressed air, Roebling was stricken. He ascended to the surface too quickly, and suffered from the bends. By the end of 1872 Roebling was essentially confined to his house. For a decade he oversaw construction, though at least one official investigation sought to determine if he was still competent to direct such a massive project. His wife Emily would visit the work site nearly every day, relaying orders from Roebling. Emily, by working closely with her husband, essentially became an engineer herself.   After the successful opening of the bridge in 1883, Roebling and his wife eventually moved to Trenton, New Jersey. There were still many questions about his health, but he actually outlived his wife by 20 years. When he died on July 21, 1926, at the age of 89, he was remembered for his work making the Brooklyn Bridge a reality.