Organizational Structures Essay Example for Free

Organizational Structures EssayOrganizations piece in varied ways. Each organization is unique in its own accord and its overall design depends on two main criteria coordination and discourse. No matter what structure an organization chooses, the ultimate result is to achieve coordination between units and communicate effectively for proper decision devising and implementation. The current buzz word being the networked economy and organizations, many firms are becoming more sophisticated and evolving into more interconnected entities than ever before.It is important just to note that not one single structure is the most successful one. A firms arrival at a decision to adopt a legitimate structure entails careful analysis of the requirements of the industry it operates in. Then only can it decide which structure suits it best. dell, based in the US, is a truly global organization. With haul times of delivery ranging in days across the globe, Dell had no choice but to adapt a structure which complimented its nimble and lean generate chain.This resulted in them adopting a networked structure as opposed to more traditional functional frame-up. The main criterion is not coordination here, but the proper channels of communication which are necessary to deliver information is the cheapest, fastest and most reliable way. Moreover, product life cycles of Dell are shorter than most other products and this again meant a quick supply chain backed by the most efficient communications strategy. Dell has been able to adopt this structure quicker and has grown to an terminus which many never expected it to achieve (Sviokla, 2004).Dell does have departments and functions like any other organizations its the method by which they operate which is different. Each function is coordinated and communicates to achieve one primary goal deliver the good to the customer in the shortest time possible. By having a networked organization, information travels at tight the speed of light and decisions are thus made in a shorter time. This is what Dell required to stay on top of its competition in the PC industry and thus, it adopted the best possible structure within the industry. Toyota, based in Japan, is a name of reliability.Their automobiles are well known for cost military strength and long life. All this was only achieved by the top notch structure that Toyota eventually evolved into over its long history. The work at Toyota is done by divisions teams of individuals in each function operating on assembly lines to produce cars. This along with a just in time inventory approach has enabled Toyota to become a truly global automobile maker and trendsetter in the industry. Till Toyota adopted it, JIT was something that many, especially in the automobile industry, wouldnt dare to emulate.Toyota realized how its inventory, being long and with long lead times would clog up work space and result in huge costs due to rental, obsolescence etc. Thus Toyota di d what Dell did but in a different manner, let the supplier remain the owner of the materials until they are needed. This called for not just a good communications setup but an exceptional coordinated effort by the firms various functions as well. A delay in one function meant a halt in the whole firm as each is dependent on the other.Thus Toyota needed a structure which was stable, coordinated and yet, able to communicate well with its suppliers as well as dealers. This came in the form of an organization which was capable of dissipating knowledge throughout its firm effectively and acts upon decisions made quickly (Choo, 2002). This means that Toyota is a ground substance organization rather than a functional one which one might think it is at first glance. Secondly, it various factories internationally could be seen as SBUs (Strategic Business Units) working autonomously yet liked to a central point.Referencehttp//www.analytictech.com/mb021/orgtheory.htm

Mid Term Essay Example for Free

Mid Term EssayI affirm that the inclined sketch is entirely my own, except where the words or ideas of other writers be specifically ac whopledged according to accepted citation conventions. This assignment has not been submitted for each other course at Robert Kennedy College or any other institution. I brace revised, edited and proofread this paper. I certify that I am the generator of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is amply acknowledged and fully disclosed in this paper (examination). I generate also cited any sources (footnotes or endnotes) from which I used data, ideas, theories, or words, whether quoted directly or paraphrased. I further acknowledge that this paper has been prepared by me specifically for this course. MIDTERM ASSESSMENT Q1. 70 Points thought Human Behavior is critical to organizations reason the benefits of self evaluation/self estimation as it relates to leaders today. Q2. 30 Points Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive discuss how you can personally reduce harm in your workplace please provide an example.Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations discuss the benefits of self evaluation/self assessment as it relates to leaders today. As the world is fit much restricted on electronic gadgets, its be answers more than difficult to keep back a face to face discussion or contacts with the citizenry we work with. These ingest made it more important to understand the behavior of the people we work with and more critical to any manager that wants to be successful in his organization.For a leader to fully understand Human behavior, that person need to first do what is called self assessment. being self aware allows ane to recognize and improve their strength and weakness in order to maximize their leadership potential Discovering your Authentic Leadership, Harvard Business Review February 2007 page 3 Human behaviors are must predictable if champion have taken tim e to sturdy another person.In organizational Behavior 15th edition by Stephen and Timothy page 11 Behavior is generally predictable and the systematic study of behavior is a means to making reasonable accurate predictions Self evaluation is a major factor towards becoming a good leader, because this evolves looking at oneself so that all aspect that is important are identified and evaluated. As a leader you need to know your capacity and ability. The oxford dictionary defines self assessment as an evaluation of oneself or actions, altitudes or performance.As the definition implies there are several ways that a leader can evaluate his or her performance. In Harvard Business review of 2007 with the title discovering your Authentic leadership page 5 eight key questions are asked, and this I believe if well understood can benefit a leader today. And help to let a better self evaluation mechanism. The people and experience in your early life have a great impact on an individual, As a l eader knowing where your coming from is real important and this wins you to compare note to with were you want to be in the future.Self evaluation leave behind help you know if progress is being made and were more efforts are required. As a modern leader you need to be systematic in your assessment, without over overrating your skills, this can be done by your pears subordinates by way of asking questions that brings out the honest answers from them. Arrogance should not have a part in these for your survival depends on their honest response. all leader most have values, HBR in discovering you Authentic leadership page 4 says The value that forms the basis for Authentic leadership are derived from your beliefs and convictions, but you allow for not know what your true values are until they are tested under pressure must time people say Nothing will ever make me change my mind only to shift ground when much pressure are mounted on us, In other wars pressure is what refines our true vales, and when self evaluation is applied the value that you have or come out with unshaken is your true value.A leader is also move to act by one action or the other, self assessment will help you to know your motif, does it come from the inside or the outside? learned the answers will help you to discover yourself. Most people waste there life leaving a programmed life, and not having satisfaction, only when they do things out of motivation will they truly be happy. Youre Family, friends, workmates and neighbors all reflect the kind of a leader one is so in the process of self assessments one needs to evaluate all to be sure whether the right set of people are what he has around him.Success is a aggroup work we are all interdependent on each other. Another area of leadership self awareness is on consistence, Do I double tip? A leader should be known as one who is constant in all situations that confronts him, and make sure everyone within the organization is carried alo ng on most activities. A leader should assess his personality to see if he owns up to his mistake, leaders are human, they make mistakes and should accept correction.Leaders need to make out time for themselves and family. Having done a proper self assessment as a leader am ever more determined to develop a system and process were talented people are attracted and aligned to be future leaders. No individual achievement can qualified the joyousness of leading a group of people to achieve a worthy goal. When you cross the finish line in concert, all pain and suffering you may have experienced quickly vanishes HBR discovering you authentic leadership page 8.In conclusion every leader must do some kind of self assessment periodically for improvement this in true reflects in the person the quality of a good leader. Q2. Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive discuss how you can personally reduce prejudice in your workplace please provide an example. All human being are born free and equal in dignity and right, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human right.Despite this well articulated statement, Prejudice is still a universal problem, we all are prejudiced in one way or the other, but for us to be good leaders we all need to work hard in other to reduce prejudice in our work place. As a step towards reducing prejudice one has to acknowledge that it really exists. It is only when we accept it existence can we croak to discuss way to end or reduce prejudice. Prejudgment becomes prejudice only if they are not reversible when exposed to new knowledge says the halt the Nature of prejudice.And only the type of contacts that lead people together is likely to result in changed attitudes. According to the report UNISCO against Racism education could be a precious tool in the struggle against new form of racism, discrimination and exclusion having this fi ne idea before us should make us more aware of our responsibilities. The book Understanding Prejudice and discrimination says. Perhaps they must important conclusions to emerge from prejudice research are 1. No one receptive of human thoughts and speech is immune from harboring prejudice.It often takes deliberate effort and awareness to reduce prejudice and 3. With sufficient motivation it can be done As a business owner I have I have synchronized the research work into my working environments. And this have reduced Prejudice in our organization, My country Nigeria is a multi ethnic and culturally diversified nation with more than three hundred ethnic groups. Must time working with people of opposite ethnic groups can be challenging if once does not do away with his pre conceived thoughts round another tribe.As an IGBO specking person I have come not to think that any other tribe is inferior to mine. So during recruitment we do not discriminate or apply mono-ethnic sentiments, ra ther we calculate the diversity and uniqueness of our individuality. So everybody who performs well is given the opportunity to work with us. I have also made sure that each project team is not mono-ethnic so that they can all learn from their diversity and this have really reduce the level of prejudice in our work place.I have notice a staff who was once very prejudiced about an individual from another ethnic group being good friends after they worked together on a project for a period of time, when I asked about his the new closeness and friendship with the person he was once prejudiced about he simple replied ignorance can kill. This was because by working with the individual as project team member he came to realize that the person has a very good principle and very hardworking too against what he previously thought.

Media Impact on Body Image

Media Impact on Body ImageThis research is on medias negative influence on a some dusts consistence image. The paper will identify the problem of how and why media such as celebrities, magazines, television, advertising, and accessible networks negatively target an individuals self-perception. This research is important because many woman, and girls of our glossiness suffer a great deal of depression, stress, eating disorders, and many other psychological issues because of non be able to meet unattainable thin ideals flock by the media. This research can be beneficial to many because it can help define women awargon about the dangerous effects of the media. As farthermost as making women who perceive some function that isnt real, the media is at fault. This research will teach girls that they dont have to look like an A-list model or celebrity to be beautiful.Body image in the media dates back to as far as the beginning of the 20th century. Before, curvy body types such as cu rvaceous Marilyn Monroe set the standards for women. By the 1960s body image was taken over by supermodels with their 90 pound body frames. These tiny figures featured in betimes television and magazines and drastically began changing the definition of beautiful. Body Image develops partly as a function of culture in reaction to cultural aesthetic ideals (Kim, Lennon 2007). Ive found in some research that every society has its own way of torturing women. Psychological change is conjugate with environmental change which brings about how people define physical appearance based on various exposures to media.Media has so much control over the person staring back in the mirror. Racine says, 80% of women under the age of 18 have tried dieting of some sort to see results like the impression shopped images of many models and celebrities that atomic number 18 on places like Instagram and Facebook. These images that people see are computer made and the diets are non real. Says Munro and Huon. When results are not seen aft(prenominal) trying quick darnes it could lead to young women as young as 3rd grade being bulimic and depressed. This research would open the minds of adolescents who go through the daily struggle trying to fit in and attain the impossible by doing so in extreme dangerous life threatening ways. Girls withdraw to know that no matter what a scale says it doesnt define them as a person, nor how beautiful they are.Some research says that media is progressively getting better with adding to a greater extent positive messages within advertisement. I wouldnt say that its worsening, but is media really getting better? What does the future hold as far as body image within the media? Say If society doesnt further reach out to youth about the risks of being influenced by unhealthy diet fads, and not loving themselves because the television , as peers, teachers, and parents, society has failed. The media has made a few changes just to push away the negativ es that thrown at them as far as just being thin. At the same time, media still continues to make note within the music society listen to and the most popular clothing to make money because thin is what sells in our culture.The worse part of all of this is that psychological and eating disorders can start in girls as young as heptad or eight according to the Journal of School Health. Ten years ago it was safe to say that teens were ok to be exposed to media and it affects at the ages of 15 and 16. Now because of how easy electronics are to learn, children are exposed to electronics as young as 2. By the age of 5 they are using the same social networks as 26 and 30 year old adults, exposing their minds to things they cant fully process. Confronting and educating an elementary aged child about loving themselves and healthy custom and eating strategies is more(prenominal) relevant with cyber bullying, and self-evaluation happening because of not looking how the media says they shoul d look.Media is thought to be the number one source of influence on negative body image. Some other research points to genetics, and socialized responses attributed to dysfunctional childhoods. Some think things such as low self-esteem result from abusive childhoods. Likewise, when obese children are raised by belittling parents who antagonize them with food and their physical appearances, it can cause problems as they develop and mature in their teenage years. The alternative is that early intervention will help prevent long-term health issues for majority of patients with eating disorders and bad self-persistence.To carry out these methods people contract to be educated. starting line more non-profit organization that go to elementary, junior high, and even colleges to educate women and girls on this topic. Those who care about this topic as much as someone issue through it , and even with a little experience would be needed to help with this project. Teens and even adults comm it suicide every year because of not being able to fit in. Fundraisers to raise awareness and money for their families would help as well. More counselors to talk with more people who struggle with eating disorders, and find more information about why the media targets the people they do and exactly how they do it, in order to effectively help those who fall dupe to it. One thing that needs the most attention, and further research is psychology of the brain, and medical disorders of these victims to the media. This research is needed to fully understand why woman mentally feel the need to try and do as they see. Many people overlook all of these issues and push the reasons of sadness, depression, and anger to other things that people go through or are experiencing in their life that very moment.Overall this research is feasible because its something that is happening now. So many people can relate to falling victim to the Medias unrealistic perception of beautiful. Valuable resource s have been found such as the Journal of School Health, NeTweens The profits and Body Image Concerns in Preteenage Girls, and withal Media Influence on the Body Image of Children. Lots of people agree with this and though there are many non-profit organizations for this topic, another voice cant hurti. primary school girls are obsessed with their weight, teens everyday experience psychological problems, and many women pay lots of money for diet quick fix fads that do not work. The media does a great job at pulling our society into the advertisement that result in sales. Even if the argument is made that media is not the initiator of a womans self-perception, just a mirror of society, the media still should take responsibility for at least perpetuating the dysfunction.Works CitedLawrie, Z., et al. Media Influence On The Body Image Of Children And Adolescents. Eating Disorders 14.5 (2006) 355-364. SPORTDiscus. Web. 16 Oct. 2014.Monro, F, and G Huon. Media-Portrayed Idealized Images , Body Shame, And Appearance Anxiety. International Journal Of Eating Disorders 38.1 (n.d.) 85-90. Science Citation Index. Web. 16 Oct. 2014.Tiggemann, Marika, and Amy Slater. Nettweens The Internet And Body Image Concerns In Preteenage Girls. The Journal Of Early Adolescence 34.5 (2014) 606-620. PsycINFO. Web. 16 Oct. 2014.Racine, Elizabeth F., et al. The Relationship Between Media Use And Psychological And Physical Assets Among Third- To Fifth-Grade Girls. Journal Of School Health 81.12 (2011) 749-755. ERIC. Web. 16 Oct. 2014.

Attitudes towards homosexuality among university students

Attitudes towards homo grammatical gender among university studentsIn 2006, Answers Corporation explained that oddity is a terminus created by 19th century. The stringenting of homophile(prenominal) is, having a knowledgeable orientation to souls of the same stir (The Ameri tail assembly Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2006).Homosexuality includes two groups, which be fe mascu tonal pattern person homoeroticism and male manity. egg-producing(prenominal) homosexuality is described as lesbianism and the male homosexuality is described as gay (Answers Corporation, 2006).At the beginning, some of the psychologists said that homosexuality is a custodytal unsoundness and put it into the list of manpowertal disorder. However, after some of the studies, they realized that homosexuality is not a mental disorder because it is related to psychological disturbance and is in no sense of mental problem as well. So, homosexuality removed from the list of mental disorders (T ozeland, Loewen, Monteith, n.d.).The factors that lead to homosexuality are critical and discuss by m whatever specialist fields such as psychologists and psychiatrists.View of Psychologists toward Reason of HomosexualityIn Robinson shoot (as cited in Facts round Homosexuality and Mental Health, n.d.), early(a) of the twentieth century, Ellis (1901) argued that homosexuality was inborn and it was not immoral, not a disease, and that m any(prenominal) homosexuals made outstanding contri barelyions to society.Sigmund Freud has a diametric theory of human sexuality from Ellis. He believed that altogether human beings were innately bisexual. Human beings become heterosexual or homosexual as a result of what they render experiences with early(a) mint or environment that surrounding of them. Freud also agreed with Ellis that homosexual orientation should not be viewed as a form of pathology (Facts about Homosexuality and Mental Health, n.d.).He wrote a permitter to an American mother in 1935. He said that, battalion cant get any advantages from their homosexual orientation. But, they were always blamed, discriminated by other people. Actually, homosexuality is not a sin, not an illness as well. He also said that, we need to see it as a sexual manipulation produced by certain sexual development. There are many individuals of ancient and modern times that were respect by us are homosexuality. According to him, it is inequity and cruelty to describe that homosexuality is a crime and sin. He told the American mother that, analysis may let her son feel harmony, peace and ex decenniumsive efficiency when her son in the time of unhappy, neurotic, torn by conflicts, and inhibited in the hearty life whether he remains a homosexual or gets changed (Facts about Homosexuality and Mental Health, n.d.).View of Reincarnation Researchers toward Reason of HomosexualityAccording to Dr. Ian Stevenson, he concludes that homosexuality is a natural human trait that result s from the metempsychosis of a person of one gender as a person of the opposite gender. Such people must adjust to their new gender and sexuality at an early age. The difficulty of adjusting relating to the sex change and lead to homosexuality later on in their lives (as cited in Williams, 2006).Reincarnation means the soul dividing line a new body after the death of the former body (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2006). The classic form of the reincarnation doctrine was formulated in India, save certainly not anterior than the 9th century BC, when the Brahmana writings were composed. After the Upanishads slip byly defined the concept betwixt the 7th and the 5th century BC, it was adopted by the other authorized Eastern religions which originated in India, Buddhism and Jainism. Due to the spread of Buddhism in Asia, reincarnation was later adopted by Chinese Taoism, but not earlier than the 3rd century BC (Reincarnation, its meaning and consequences, n.d.).Former girls who are r eborn as boys may wish to dress as girls or prefer to flow with girls rather than boys. Former boys who are reborn as girls may wish to dress as boys or prefer to play with boys rather than girls. Former men who are reborn as women will be attracted to women and will therefore be lesbian. Former women who are reborn as men will be attracted to men and will therefore be gay (as cited in Williams, 2006).Former means past-life or previous life and reborn mean present lifetime. In many cases the person begins talking about his or her life or lives before the present lifetime, about their previous death and about the time mingled with lives including the planning of the present lifetime (as cited in Williams, 2006). So, Dr. Ian Stevenson concludes that, homosexuality is the stem of reincarnation.Beside of the factors to cause homosexuality, the factors that influence people attitudes towards homosexuality are also very contr oversial.Different people may bring out different of attitude s, recollecting, feeling and behaviors towards homosexuality. The differences can be considered contribute to some of the factors such as personal and friendly factors.Personal Factors that square off Attitudes towards HomosexualAge. Have a measure of tolerance of homosexual behaviors from attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, such as the nations of Australia, USA, Norway, and others indicated that the higher points of tolerance scored as 100 and the lowest point as 0. The higher the tolerance scored the higher the credence of homosexuality. The predicted level of tolerances for young people age 20 would be 53 points. People in middle age bring on tolerance scores of 43 points by age 40. At age 60, the tolerance scored is about 33 and with 23 points at age 80. It showed that, as the age increasing, the tolerance scored of homosexual was decreasing.The tolerance point of elder was low compare to younger people (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).Beside o f the factors of age, the attitudes also influences by religion.Religion background. Different unearthly will makes a large difference to tolerance of homosexuality. According to a streamlet of measure of homosexual behaviors tolerance, the higher points of tolerance scored as 100 and the lowest point as 0. The higher the tolerance scored the higher acceptance of homosexuality. Ardent believers in a personal beau ideal would account homosexual behavior at 28 points. But, staunch atheists who are totally reject the idea of personal God rate homosexuality at 59 points (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).It obviously showed that, Ardent believers in a personal God was less judge to homosexuality which rate 28 points compare to staunch atheists who totally reject the idea of personal God which rate 59 points (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).Beside that, church service goers are less tolerant of homosexuality than those who are never darken a ch urchs door. People who are mending going to church rate 32 points, and those who are shunning the church were paygrade 48 points (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).It is because according to Christians, homosexuality violating some of Gods most basic commandments for humanity. Christians persuasion in Gods condemnation of homosexuality is claimed to be so important that forcing them to treat gays equally means forcing them to violate their religious rulings (Cline, n.d.).In nearly all societies passim human history, religion qualifyings answers to fundamental questions concerning the origin and meaning of things. Religious systems of explanation offer accounts of the creation of the world, as well as specifying the rules for proper behavior-and the consequences for infractions-that keep back been oblige by the Creator (Gross, 2005).Christianity tralatitiously forbid sexual relations surrounded by people of the same sex and teaches that such behavior is si nful (Gross, 2005).So, religious legal opinion and church attendance stool strongly influence on attitudes towards homosexuality in almost 29 nations.Beside of the factors of religion, the attitudes toward homosexuality also influences by faculty of study among students (Societal Attitudes towards Homosexuality, 2006).Faculty of study. Students who studied faculties of Arts or genial Science had more(prenominal) irrefutable attitudes toward gay man compared to Science or Business students. The result revealed that students in the faculties of Arts and Social Science had more positive attitudes towards homosexual compare with students in faculties Business and Science (Schellenberg, Hirt and Sears, 1999).It shows that there are two possible reasons that opinionated these results. First, students who value traditional sex roles may be the most likely to select programs in faculties of business and sciences where political attitudes are conservative. Second, students with less va lue traditional sex roles may be the most likely to select programs in faculties of Art and Social Science. It is because they thought the departments are more liberal (Schellenberg, Hirt and Sears, 1999).In faculty member field, beside the factor of different faculty of study, the directional level also plays a very important role to determine the attitudes towards homosexuality.Educational level. The higher historic period of education people involve, the higher scored of tolerances people have. The higher points of tolerance scored as 100 and the lowest point as 0. The higher of tolerance scored sign that it is more acceptance of homosexuality (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).The point of tolerances was 34 out of 100 rating by people who with 8 years of education. Those with 10 years of education were rating 38 points and people who have complete 2 years masters degree after 4 year bachelors degree was rating 51 points. So, the gap mingled with the least e ducated and the most educated is 17 points. (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).This tolerance-enhancing effect of education actually is connexion to other forces which importantly depend on the independent of age, so the lesser censure of homosexuality among the highly educated cannot be attributed to a changing social climate. The age effects themselves suggest that there is a changing social climate, but the education effects are in addition to that (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).Other than that, gender also likely to have strongly influences on the attitudes towards homosexuality. galore(postnominal) researchers conducted researches that related to gender differences and their attitudes towards gay men and lesbians.Gender. Gender belief system is the pattern of masculine or feminine behavior of an individual that is defined by a particular culture and that is largely determined by a childs upbringing (Answers.com, 2006). increase and Whit ley suggested that men rating the gay men more negative than women, but they were same in the rating of lesbians. Within the male and female, women made approximately equal rating of lesbians and gay men, but mens rating of lesbians were more positive than rating of gay men (as cited in Louiderback Whitley, 1997).According to Kite and Whitley study, it is because people who have strong gender belief system have more negative attitudes towards homosexual because homosexuality violates the norms of that belief system. Also, men held more traditional sex-role attitudes than women. So, in the perspective of men, male should be act more masculine and aggressive. They also strongly hold the traditional sexual orientation which is heterosexuality (as cited in Louiderback Whitley, 1997).Beside that, a study (as cited in Schellenberg, Hirt and Sears 1999.), it also showed that male hold more negative attitudes towards gay men than lesbians, and, they also hold more negative attitudes to ho mosexual compare with female.Different attitude towards homosexuality is the impact of personal factors. But, the social factors also have certain level of impact on the attitudes towards homosexuality.Social Factors that allure Attitudes towards HomosexualMedia. Dissemination of information about homosexuality in marketing, television shows, and public opinion polls, will affect the attitudes of public toward homosexuals no matter it is entire or inaccurate.The information of homosexuals will lead to AIDS has strong impact on attitudes towards homosexuality. The perpetuation of homophobic attitudes such as the treatment of people with HIV, moral interpretations of people with AIDS, certain conceptions about the methods of HIV transmitted, media representation of AIDS, and even the way in which medicines objectivity reinforces a moral view inimical to gay men, lesbians and bisexuals (Anderson, Fakhfakh, Kondylis, 1999).Many of the researches have approved that some of the factor s influence attitudes towards homosexuality. There are also some of the researches conducted by researchers to approve whether the stereotypes of people towards homosexuality is correct or not.Social differences. Social differences in the tolerance of homosexuality are quite large. This can help to explain wherefore people living in different social circles have different perceptions of what the average Australian thinks.For example, 70 years old had left school at the end of year 10, and who holds strong religious beliefs and attends church regularly would rate homosexual behaviors at just 1 point out of 100 or always wrong (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).Stereotypes towards HomosexualityCharacteristics. Normally, people would like to believe that gay men are effeminate and lesbians are tomboys piece there are some homosexual people who fit these stereotypes. But, actually they are not representative of all homosexual people. So, the stereotypes of characteri stics of homosexual people are not correct at all (Tozeland, Loewen, Monteith, n.d.). eon of relationship. Studies indicate that people would have the stereotypes that homosexual person will not involve in wide-term, stable and close relationship with their partners. But, it is not unusual to govern homosexuality couples who had been together for over twenty years (Tozeland, Loewen, Monteith, n.d.).Homosexual parents. Some people believe that children of gay or lesbian people are more likely to grow up to be homosexual as their parents. Beside that, people also believe that these children will grow up without appropriate ethical values. In fact, homosexual parents would like to teach their children the values of kindness and charity because they are the victims of hate and discrimination in society (Tozeland, Loewen, Monteith, n.d.).According to Family Research Report (2001), children who have homosexual parents would be expected to do less well than kids in general in school, on the job, in marriage, raising their bear kids, and others. Normally, children of homosexual parents cannot do well in sex identity, language skills and mathematics fields compare to children of heterosexual parents. But, children of homosexual parents hold strongly social study than children of heterosexual parents.However, they have tries to be successful in life. So not every child with homosexual parents would be expected to be a failure, nor would every child brocaded by a homosexual parent be expected to fail. Likewise, not every child rose by a married mother and bugger off would be expected to succeed (Family Research Report, 2001).Religion. The vast majority of the worlds churches take the stance that homosexual acts are a sin. To cite an example of a religious viewpoint, the Roman Catholic Church in a passage from its Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, states, As in every moral disorder, homosexual activity prevents ones own fulfillment and happiness by acting contrary to the creative wisdom of God. Homosexuality is labeled as a moral disorder it is not regular or pleasing (The Scientific Debate on Homosexuality, n.d.).People believe that Christians are disagreeing homosexuality. Some religious groups interpret certain biblical passages as injunctions against homosexuality, while others view these passages in the light of historical context, much like slavery. Actually, many Christians were condemning discrimination and prejudice. They welcome and affirm homosexual Christians into the body of Christ, with unique gifts to offer (Tozeland, Loewen, Monteith, n.d.).Beside to conduct researches to reveal the stereotypes of people towards homosexuality is correct or not, there also a research on how the public opinion towards homosexuality among different nations.Public Opinion toward Homosexual among Different NationsIn study of Societal Attitudes towards Homosexuality (2006), it showed that the result of acceptance homosexuality in Africa and the Middle East are tend to strongly disagree. But, major Latin American countries such as Mexico and Brazil accept homosexuality.At Australia 1999, the result showed that 28% of people think that sexual relations mingled with two adults of the same sex are not wrong at all, 15 % think that it is wrong only sometimes, 9 % think that it is almost always wrong, and 48% think that it is always wrong (Attitude towards homosexuality in 29 nations, n.d.).According to Robinson (2003), Apoll by the Gallup Organization from United State has conducted a research of acceptable of homosexuality in the public. The result showed the percentage of the survey result do you personally believe that it is acceptable or not acceptable for gays and lesbians to engage in same-sex behavior? as in 1982-JUN, there was 34% people accept homosexuality and by 1992-JUN, there was an increasing percentage which is 38%. In 1992-MAR, there was 44% and by 1997-APR, there was 42%. In 1999-FEB, there was 50 % a nd by 2001-MAY, there was 52%. There was 51% in 2002-MAY and 54% in 2003-MAY. It showed that the percentage of acceptable towards homosexuality in the United State is increasing by year of 1982 to 2003.The Pew Research Centers 2003 Global Attitudes canvass found that, people in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Opinion in Europe is split between West and East. Majorities in every westbound European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagree. 51% of Americans believes homosexuality should be accepted, while 42% disagree (as cited in Societal Attitudes towards Homosexuality, 2006).Significant of This StudyBased on the above introduction, one can see the important of understanding of students attitude to homosexuality.Firstly, acco rding to Lisa Lamar and bloody shame Kite (1998), it said that males have more negative attitudes towards gay men and this is due to gender roles factor. However, Schellenberg, Hirt Sears (1999), found that males who study in Arts and Social Sciences have more positive attitudes towards gay men. So, this study want to know UTAR psychological science course students attitudes towards gay men is affected by gender roles or the faculties that they have chose.Second, according to research of Brownell, he found that religions are related to negative attitudes towards lesbian and gay men. Malaysia have many types of religions include Islamic, Buddhist, Indian, and others. This study wants to know are there having differences of attitudes between religions in Malaysia or not. This will make us know more about how the attitudes of different religions people towards lesbian and gay men. This can reduce conflict or make different religions people can communicate easily.Third, Many students h ave confused or varying opinions on homosexuality. It is important for all students to come to terms with what they currently think and feel about homosexuality (Tozeland, Loewen, Monteith, n.d.). This study want to let them conscious about their attitudes towards homosexual and let them decide they want to change it or not.Beside that, through this study, students of psychology course can more concern about issue of homosexuality and conduct or do further research on it. The further research can help public know about homosexual such as why homosexual, what reason to make them become homosexual, and others. Once public know more about the homosexual group, they might change their attitudes towards homosexual as well as reduce their discrimination perception towards homosexual.This study will determine whether the result of this study same with the result of previous researches or not.For this study, it should make a clear distinction of attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women w ith divide the homosexual to lesbian and gay men. For example, many of previous research conducted research by using the term homosexual but do not divide the term homosexual into gay men and lesbian women.Research apparent movementsFor this study, it will explore the gender influences on attitudes towards homosexuality among university students. We would like to understand more about the gender differences of acceptance of homosexuality among university students.Beside that, this study will determine whether the result is same with the result of previous researches or not.The research questions in this study are as follows.First, are there any gender differences in the attitudes towards lesbian and homosexual?Second, is there any gender difference in their knowledge of homosexual?Third, are there any religion differences in their attitude towards lesbian and homosexual?Fourth, is there any religion difference in their knowledge of homosexual?CHAPTER IIMETHODParticipants118 Psychol ogy students from year 1 to year 3 in University Tunku Abdul Rahman were selected as the essay of this study. Simple stochastic method was used in the selection.There are 82 females and 36 females. All of the students who participated in the survey are simple random sampling.MaterialsQuestionnaire. The survey conducted using questionnaire (see Appendix 1). All participants completed a 4 pages questionnaire consisting of two sections. Instructions accompanying the questionnaire guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality.The first part is about the respondents demographic such as gender, age, year, race, and religion. The second part is about respondents attitudes toward lesbian and gay. There are 32 questions in this test.In this test, the first 4 questions are asked about the general attitudes towards homosexuality such as a) I know about homosexuals, and b) Sexual orientation is caused by genes, but not the environment (see appendix 1). Question 5 to 18 is asked about the attitudes towards lesbians such as a) Lesbians just cant fit into our society, b) exual relations between two female is wrong, c) Female homosexuality is a sin and, d) Lesbians are sick (see appendix 1). Question 19 to 32 is asked about the attitudes towards gay men such as a) I think male homosexuals are disgusting, b) Male homosexuality is a perversion, c) Sexual relations between two male is wrong and, d) Homosexual behavior between two men is just plain wrong (see appendix 1).Participants had to rate on the Likert Scale (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree) according to their attitudes towards homosexual which include lesbian and gay man.Software. SPSS for Windows (12.0) was used for all statistical analyses.ProceduresThe survey was conducted by using simple random sampling design. A sampling adjoin, which is the numbered name lists of students from Year One to Year Three Psychology class at UTAR was obtained from the Faculty General Office.All the name of th e students were mixed and came out with a new name list (see Appendix 2). A taste size of 118 was selected.The simple random sampling was conducted as followsA starting point in the table of Random Numbers in the Appendix 4 was chosen using a finger stab. The stab came down at column 6, row 15 at the entry 13916.As the sampling frame ranged from 1 to 301, the left three numbers in each set of five were used when drawing the sample. The number 0 was ignored if that number over 301. The numbers to be included in sampling were been identified by moving across the table from left to right every alternate line started from up and down. The numbers got were highline in yellow color (see Appendix 3).We distributed the questionnaire to the samples that have been selected by simple random method through UTAR lecturers. The survey took between ten to five-teen minutes to complete and then collected back by lecturers after the respondents completed it in the same day. Instructions accompanyin g the questionnaire guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality.CHAPTER III endpointReliability TestThere were five dimensions in the questionnaire. First, the dimension of negative Attitudes toward Lesbians, it consisted by 10 questions which is from question 5 to question 14. The Cronbachs Alpha was 0.81 after questions 5, 7, 9, 13 were deleted (Table 1, pg 16). Therefore, the mean of these 6 items was calculated to represent the respondents negative attitudes toward lesbians.Second, for the dimension of Positive Attitudes toward Lesbians, it consisted by 4 questions which is from question 15 to question 18. There were 0.49 alphas when question 16 was deleted (Table 1, pg 16).For the dimension of Negative Attitudes toward Gay Men, it consisted by 10 questions which is from question 19 to question 28. There were 0.87 alphas when question 20 was deleted (Table 1, pg 16).For the dimension of Positive Attitudes toward Gay Men, it consisted by 4 questions which is from question 29 to que stion 32. There were 0.64 alphas and none of the questions being deleted (Table 1, pg 16).The reliability alpha of the question 1 to 4 was 0.01 alphas. So, these 4 questions cannot compute as one dimension and will be analyzed individually (see Table 1, pg 16).Table 1Reliability testDimensionCronbachs AlphaN of ItemsItemsNegative Attitudes toward Lesbians0.8166, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14Positive Attitudes toward Lesbians0.49315, 17, 18Negative Attitudes toward Gay Men0.87919, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28Positive Attitudes toward Gay Men0.64429, 30, 31, 32I know about homosexualSexual orientation is caused by genes, but not the environmentI have ever thought to myself when I found that an attractive person of the sex was homosexual-what a waste0.0141, 2, 3, 4I have ever said, I dont mind homosexuals, as long as I dont have to see it or something sympatheticGender Differences toward HomosexualNegative attitudes toward lesbians. The results of Independent t- Tests showed that there was no s ignificant difference between gender negative attitudes towards the lesbian, t (118) = 0.08, n.s. , where the mean for the negative attitudes toward lesbian for male students is 2.60 ( SD = 0.81), and 2.59 (SD = 0.71) for female students (Table 2, pg 19).Positive attitudes toward lesbians. The results of Independent t- Tests showed that there was no significant difference between gender positive attitudes toward the lesbians, t (118) = 0.31, n.s., where the mean for the positive attitudes toward lesbians for male students is 3.29 (SD = 0.66), and 3.32 (SD = 0.54) for female students (Table 2, pg 19).Negative attitudes toward gay men. The results of Independent t- Tests showed that there was a significant difference between gender negative attitudes toward gay men, t (118) = 2.24, pPositive attitudes toward gay men. The results of Independent t- Tests showed that there was no significant difference between gender positive attitudes toward gay men, t (118) = -1.520, n.s., where the m ean for the positive attitudes toward gay men for male students is 3.11 (SD = 0.80), and 3.30 (SD = 0.52) for female students (Table 2, pg 19).Knowledge towards homosexuality. The results of Independent t- revealed that there was no significant difference between genders in their knowledge towards homosexuality.For the I know about homosexual, t (118) = 0.82, n.s., where the mean for the knowledge towards homosexuality for male students is 2.31 (SD=0.82), and 2.17 (SD=0.83) for female students.For the Sexual orientation is caused by genes, but not the environment, t (118) = -0.890, n.s., where the mean for the knowledge towards homosexuality for male students is 3.28 (SD=1.19), and 4.85 (SD=10.57) for female students.For the I have ever thought to myself when I found that an attractive person of the sex was homosexual-what a waste , t (118) = 0.921, n.s., where the mean for the knowledge towards homosexuality for male students is 2.83 (SD=0.97), and 2.65 (SD=1.03) for female student s.For the I have ever said, I dont mind homosexuals, as long as I dont have to see it or something similar, t (118) = 0.403, n.s., where the mean for the knowledge towards homosexuality for male students is 3.97 (SD=0.61), and 3.92 (SD=0.76) for female students (see Table 2, pg 19).Table 2Gender differencesDimensionMeant-Valuep-ValueMalesFemalesNegative Attitudes toward Lesbians2.60(SD=0.81)2.59(SD=0.71)0.0800.94Positive Attitudes toward Lesbians3.29(SD=0.66)3.32(SD=0.54)-0.310.76Negative Attitudes toward Gay Men3.03(SD=0.83)2.72(SD=0.63)2.240.027*Positive Attitudes toward Gay Men3.11(SD=0.80)3.30(SD=0.52)-1.5200.13I know about homosexualSexual orientation is caused by genes, but not the environmentI have ever thought to myself when I found that an attractive person of the sex was homosexual-what a wasteI have ever said, I dont mind homosexuals, as long as I dont have to see it or something similar2.31(SD=0.82)3.28(SD=1.19)2.83(SD=0.97)3.97(SD=0.61)2.17(SD=0.83)4.85(SD=10.57)2.65(SD =1.03)3.91(SD=0.76)0.82-0.890.920.4030.420.380.360.69Note * pReligion Differences toward HomosexualNegative attitudes toward lesbians. The results of Independent t- Tests showed that there was no significant difference between religions have negative attitudes towards lesbian, t (118) = 1.46, n.s., where the mean for negative attitudes toward lesbian for Buddhist is 2.65 (SD=0.76), and 2.42 (SD=0.67) for Chris

Advertising Becoming A Companion Of Modern Life Media Essay

Advertising Becoming A Companion Of Modern Life Media EssayNow day ad has craftily become an certain companion of modern life that we cant escape and keep away from, in fact its an intrinsic part of our chance(a) lives. Every aces daily life and the life of some(prenominal) purchasers is affected by denote. Consumer use advertizement for its in-formativeness, as well as its entertainment value (Hoch and john Deighton 1989). It provides them with cues and clues to help, actualize and appreciate their feelings. And in this manners it can change the nature of the response. Advertising helps consumers interpret these experiences and it recommend what should be noticed. When advertising works in this manner, it can sustain an insidious effect on consumer behaviour.The importance and power of advertising, is not only just so much economic, but ethnic. Advertising is not just a business expenditure undertaken in the hope of moving some merchandise off the store shelves, but is rathe r an integral part of modern conclusion (Goldman, Montagne,1986) Its significance comes in impact in consumer capitalism, where individuals depend on it for meanings, a basis of social information embedded in commodities that mediate interpersonal transaction and personal identity. Advertising should therefore be conceived as an important institution in the consumer society because it produces patterned systems of meaning that play a key berth in individual socialization and social reproduction. As to Encouraging current users to increase consumption of a product, generating more(prenominal) sales leads, change magnitude brand awareness, increasing repeat purchases, and supporting the personal selling effort are some specific objectives for advertising.As China hastens its transformation to a market economy, its advertising patience has witnessed whiz of the fastest expansion rates in the world. However very few researches have been done on Chinese advertising industry thoug h there are many researches in advertising in the western world. The key issue remains how to establish whether there are important differences in cultural set among nations and to what degree those values affect advertising effectiveness.Problem of the StatementSince advertising start booming in China in the wee 1979, it has become significantly an increasing important industry in the country. Many researchers have been made on advertising industry in the west and became one of everyday activity in the current market. However researches on Chinese advertising has generally been limited to journal articles, and chapters in books devoted to international advertising or international marketing as a whole.The entering of orthogonal advertising, growth, and operation in China has astronomic significance to Chinese society and husbandry in general and to Chinese advertising in particular. Major western advertisement companies that are present in China are playing big role in changin g the culture of new generations to the new era of modernization. As companies based in the United States and Europe continue to expand their markets globally, China, with its one billion plus population, has become a favourable market. Although these companies have attempted to implement Western-style advertising in China, most have yet to make hard headway into the Chinese consumer awareness. The relative newness of advertising as a social phenomenon in China has created great difficulties for measuring advertising or marketing succeeder in China (Lohtia, Wesley, and Linda (1994).These difficulties stem, in large measure, from Westerners lack of understanding of how to market their products and services directly to consumers in an ancient Eastern culture such as China. As advertising is a cultural product in its own right, when the East meets the West without a conjoining point, the marketing costs borne by advertisers could be haply exorbitant such costs may come in the guise of missed opportunities or, worse yet, a battered product image. This argument lends support to proponents of the specialness approach in global advertising, even though the barriers to developing that specialized advertising approach may be many and difficult to anticipate (Donthu, Naveen, 1998). moreover as far as legal issues concerned until the recent time the absence of clearly provided law on the area is another major line for the industry and created vacuum for illegal advertisers, As a result big number of customers get in to trouble by unfair advertisement.The Purpose of the believeThe purpose of our research is to investigate how consumers interpret and understand advertising that uses global or local anesthetic appeals in China. Many companies are interested in the rattling(a) potential of this worlds most populous market, which now also has the fastest-expanding advertising industry in the world.The country is awash in a mix of foreign and local goods, images, adver tising appeals, and consumption ideas, and as a whole, there has been an increase in using Western appeals in advertising (Zhou, Nan, and Linming Meng, 1998) while at the resembling time, foreign advertisers tend to adapt their advertising to a Chinese context to varying degrees. Based on the above mentioned situations the purpose of the study is to examine cultural values as reflected in Western and Chinese advertising appeals.Also purpose of this study is also to assess a consumer-response approach to learn how Chinese consumers fight down to television and print advertisements with varying emphases on the global, foreign, or Western advertisings with regard to cultural differences to read the advertisements.The purpose of this research is also to examine what role advertising is playing in marketing and how it peruse people. Particularly what is the image of Chinese people on the development of advertising in China and to identify how they go it to their own culture. Moreover we will try to examine which channel or media is the most preferable to advertise in the Chinese society.By learning more about the interplay of culture and advertising, marketing and advertising managers are in a better position to decide whether advertising using global appeals or local appeals is more appropriate for communicating with Chinese consumers.Research MethodologyAs mentioned before, books and other research documents are very limited for Chinese advertising industry. So the study is an explorative qualitative study and all primary and secondary data has been assessed in qualitative way rather than numerical or numeric method. The primary data comes from the interviews and direct information is used from selected enterprises and factories, from their annual reports and different related resources materials.The selected companies are from different industries such as food, cosmetics, fashion, medicine and in the same time consumers that have been selected are from someh ow related to those industries. In addition direct verbal interview were performed with some of the managers from the selected factories.Conclusion (part of)Although the scale of foreign coronation in the advertising industry is relatively small, it has helped introduce advanced technologies, management experience and talented personnel to the industry, and has improved the overall level of Chinas advertising industry. despite some controversial foreign advertisements hurt the feelings of some local consumers but still foreign advertising companies are doing well and making huge persona for the development of advertising industry in China.Regarding cultural issue Chinese companies and consumers are not facing only marketing challenges but also cultural challenges from international adv companies. According to the finding, in one way or another Chinese young generation is dominated by western custom and culture, so local companies should move fast to protect the culture from weste rn cultural invasion.As the most dominant advertising medium, television was the most likely to be remembered and talked about. As a result according our finding many big and medium companies chooses TV as the best media to advertise their product and service. However many small local enterprises chooses newspaper and flyers.

Othello was Insane :: Othello essays

Othello was Insane           Shakespeares Othello is a prime example of a vigorously crafted tragedy. Othello himself has all the elements of a tragic hero the personal grievance involving a friend and loved one, the tragic flaw (gullibility), the sacrifice of suicide. Othellos strong love for his married woman and the love that Desdemona shows him by betraying her father shows the bond between the two of them.  As a man Othello was followable and noted with high regard around Venice, alike a strong and great leader.  Every great leader has much stress on him no matter how great the leader.  The stress of battle, the jealousy, and the loss of honor are what drove Othello insane and this is why he hath killed his wife.           Although the stress of battle was not mentioned in the play one could imagine the stresses put on a man with such stories of battle that Othello himself told Brabantio.  Her father loved me, oft invited me /Still questioned me the story of my living/From year to year- the battles sieges, fortunes/That I have passed.(I, iii, 128-131) The numerous battles and the hardships of war assume a man down.  The stresses of everyday things at work get to us but the stresses of battle must be and uncountable times worse.  Othello seemed to be and was mentioned as a good leader with the respect of the Duke.  The stresses of being a black man leading an army of white soldiers that might respect you as a leader but might not respect you as a human would affect you also.           Othello seemed to handle the stresses of war just fine but with the jealousy added into his life by the most evil Iagos plot against him and Cassio was something that Othello had trouble managing.  Othello was new to the married life and did not want to leave his wife behind so he left her in the hands of the honest Iago.  My life upon her faith - Honest Iago, /My Desdemona must I leave to thee(I, iii, 294-295).  Iago caused the jealousy in Othellos heart and made it beam with such passion and with some false proof caused Othello to begin his break from reality.           The honor lost by the rumor of a cheating wife was the stalk that

Television Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc

Television effectTelevision madness is a negative message of creation to the children who see it. Thereis an excessive make sense of violence macrocosm watched in millions of peoples homesevery day, and this contributes to the growing amount of violent crimes thatare being committed in our communities. This cycle of more than and more sex andviolence being portrayed as reality on tv set will not stop until somethingis done.      Not one enhance that I know wants his or her children ceremony peoplegetting blown away and thrown off cliffs. just the reality of it is that parentscannot be there 24 hours a day to monitor what their children are watching.In fact the television is often used as a baby-sitter, so that the parent cando housework, have an adult conversation, or just relax after work.The typesof people who are the most likely to be disablemented by the surplus of violence onTV are children. Ed Donnerstein stated in the February 15, 1996 edition of the Boston Globe the following Violence turns away to do a lot of harm whenit looks harmless. One of these lessons children elate watching televisionis that there are few consequences to the person who commits violence orto the victim. take to this positive portrayal of negative mien the factthat childrens programs were least likely to destine the bad make of violenceand most likely to aim it funny" (Goodman pg. 23). We are showing childrenthat violence is humorous and it cant do harm. A researcher by the nameof Meltzoff studied learning in infants. He concluded that babies start tolearn even before birth. A study by Meltzoff demonstrated observational learningin 14-month-olds. After watching an adult on television discussion "a novel toyin a particular way," the babies were able to imitate the behavior when presentedwith the toy 24 hours later (Wood pg.292). This study indicates that babieslearn unreal very early in life. This is why parents should be more par ticularwith what they allow their susceptible children to view on TV.The MightyMorphin Power Rangers, television show for children, is a very good exampleof how violence on TV can affect our children. It is one of the highest ratedkids television shows today. The Power Rangers are everywhere, on everything,from tiffin boxes to boxer shorts. And kids want it all. This creates a bindf... ...e. Weare getting more and more information and on the effects of television violence.All of these findings have produced an change magnitude awareness of the basic problemand of the need for change. We know excessive viewing of television violenceis harmful to the viewer. It is cartridge holder we take a solid association on the issue andtell the producers of these shows that we dont want them.BibliographyComstock,George. Television and the American Child. San Diego Academic Press, Inc.,1991.Elber, Lynn. "Getting to the core of TV Violence". Boston Globe, 20September 1995 Page 84.Good man, Ellen. "How to Zap Violence on TV". BostonGlobe, 15 February 1996 Page 23.Hohler, Bob. "Christopher Reeve Argues Againstfederal official Censorship of TV, Urges Hollywood to Adopt stimulate Rules". Boston Globe,24 February 1994 Page 11.Jackson, Derrick. "A G-chip, Not a V-chip". BostonGlobe, 6 March 1996 Page 15.Meltz, Barbara. " bear in mind Rangers Mixed Messages,Sidebar I How Parents Can wrick Involved, Sidebar II Share Your HolidayStrategies". Boston Globe, 1 December 1994 Page A1.Wood, Samuel. The Worldof Psychology. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1996. Television Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc Television ViolenceTelevisionviolence is a negative message of reality to the children who see it. Thereis an excessive amount of violence being watched in millions of peoples homesevery day, and this contributes to the growing amount of violent crimes thatare being committed in our communities. This cycle of more and more se x andviolence being portrayed as reality on television will not stop until somethingis done.      Not one parent that I know wants his or her children watching peoplegetting blown away and thrown off cliffs. But the reality of it is that parentscannot be there 24 hours a day to monitor what their children are watching.In fact the television is often used as a baby-sitter, so that the parent cando housework, have an adult conversation, or just relax after work.The typesof people who are the most likely to be harmed by the surplus of violence onTV are children. Ed Donnerstein stated in the February 15, 1996 edition ofthe Boston Globe the following Violence turns out to do a lot of harm whenit looks harmless. One of these lessons children learn watching televisionis that there are few consequences to the person who commits violence orto the victim. Add to this positive portrayal of negative behavior the factthat childrens programs were least likely to show the bad effects of violenceand most likely to make it funny" (Goodman pg. 23). We are showing childrenthat violence is humorous and it cant do harm. A researcher by the nameof Meltzoff studied learning in infants. He concluded that babies start tolearn even before birth. A study by Meltzoff demonstrated observational learningin 14-month-olds. After watching an adult on television handling "a novel toyin a particular way," the babies were able to imitate the behavior when presentedwith the toy 24 hours later (Wood pg.292). This study indicates that babieslearn imitation very early in life. This is why parents should be more particularwith what they allow their susceptible children to view on TV.The MightyMorphin Power Rangers, television show for children, is a very good exampleof how violence on TV can affect our children. It is one of the highest ratedkids television shows today. The Power Rangers are everywhere, on everything,from lunch boxes to boxer shorts. And kids want it all. This creates a bindf... ...e. Weare getting more and more information and on the effects of television violence.All of these findings have produced an increasing awareness of the basic problemand of the need for change. We know excessive viewing of television violenceis harmful to the viewer. It is time we take a solid stand on the issue andtell the producers of these shows that we dont want them.BibliographyComstock,George. Television and the American Child. San Diego Academic Press, Inc.,1991.Elber, Lynn. "Getting to the Heart of TV Violence". Boston Globe, 20September 1995 Page 84.Goodman, Ellen. "How to Zap Violence on TV". BostonGlobe, 15 February 1996 Page 23.Hohler, Bob. "Christopher Reeve Argues AgainstFederal Censorship of TV, Urges Hollywood to Adopt Own Rules". Boston Globe,24 February 1994 Page 11.Jackson, Derrick. "A G-chip, Not a V-chip". BostonGlobe, 6 March 1996 Page 15.Meltz, Barbara. "Beware Rangers Mixed Messages,Sidebar I How Parents Can Become Involved, Sidebar II Share Your HolidayStrategies". Boston Globe, 1 December 1994 Page A1.Wood, Samuel. The Worldof Psychology. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1996.